MOTION

“
Physics is, hopefully, simple.
Physicists are not.
- Edward Teller
 Introduction…

Motion

Terms
Describing Types of Motion in a equations of
related to
motion motion straight line motion
motion
Objectives
⦁ Motion and rest
⦁ Types of motion
⦁ Describing motion
⦁ Motion in a straight line
⦁ Uniform and non uniform motion
⦁ Distance
⦁ Displacement
⦁ Speed
⦁ Average speed
⦁ Velocity
⦁ Average velocity
⦁ Acceleration
⦁ Ways to change acceleration
⦁ Uniform and non uniform motion
⦁ Equations of motion
⦁ Ways to derive the equations of motion
⦁ Algebric method
⦁ Graphical method
⦁ Uniform circular motion
⦁ The end
Motion And Rest
⦁ Motion - In physics, motion is the phenomenon in
which an object changes its position over time. 
⦁ Rest - An object which is stationary or not moving
with respect to its surrounding is said to be at rest
TYPES OF MOTION
Oscillatory motion
⦁ Oscillatory motion is defined as the to and
fro motion of an object from its mean position.
⦁ Eg- the motion of a simple pendulum
Curvilinear motion
⦁ The motion of an object moving in a curved path is
called curvilinear motion.
⦁ Eg: A stone thrown into the air at an angle. 
Rectilinear motion
⦁ Rectilinear motion is a motion of a particle or
object along a straight line.
⦁ Eg- a car travelling on a straight road
Circular motion
⦁ Circular motion is a movement of an object along
the circumference of a circle or rotation along
a circular path.
Rotational motion
⦁ When an object turns (or spins) about a fixed axis, it
is called rotational motion.
Random motion
⦁ Random motion is a motion in which the particle
moves in a zig-zag manner and not in a straight line.
⦁ Eg - Motion of a butterfly
Multiple motion
⦁ When a body possesses more than one
simple motion, it is called a multiple motion.
Recap on types of motion
DESCRIBING MOTION
⦁ We describe the location of an object by specifying a
reference point.

⦁ To describe the position of an object we need to

specify a reference point called the origin.
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT
LINE
⦁ The simplest type of motion is the motion along a
straight line.

⦁ The distance and the displacement, are used to describe

the overall motion of an object and to locate its final
position with reference to its initial position at a given
time.
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM
MOTION
⦁ When an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.

⦁ Non-uniform motion occurs when an object travels

different distances in equal time intervals. 
Uniform and non-uniform motion
⦁ Travel equal distance in ⦁ Travel unequal distances in
equal intervals of time equal intervals of time
⦁ Distance time graph for a ⦁ Distance time graph for a body
body in uniform motion is a in uniform motion is a curved
straight line line
⦁ Eg- a car running at a ⦁ Also called variable motion
constant speed of 10m/s ⦁ Eg-
Distance
⦁ Distance is a numerical measurement of how far
apart objects or points are.
⦁ Distance is a scalar quantity
⦁ S.I Unit- m
⦁ C.G.S unit – cm
⦁ Other common units- km, foot, inch,
Displacement
⦁ Displacement is defined as the shortest path between
two points.
⦁ Displacement is a vector quantity
⦁ S.I Unit- m
⦁ C.G.S unit – cm
⦁ Other common units- km, foot, inch
Distance and displacement
⦁ Length of the path traversed ⦁ Shortest distance between
by the object two points
⦁ Scalar quantity ⦁ Vector quantity
⦁ Always positive ⦁ Can be positive, negative or
⦁ Distance Displacement zero

⦁ Distance= Speed / time ⦁ Displacement Distance

⦁ Displacement = velocity/
time
Distance and displacement
Speed
⦁ the speed of an object is the magnitude of the change
of its position
⦁ Speed is a scalar quantity
⦁ S.I unit – m/s
⦁ C.G.S unit - cm/s
⦁ Other units - km/h
⦁ Where, s = speed, d = distance, t = time.
Average speed
⦁ The average speed of an object is obtained by
dividing the total distance travelled by the total time
taken.
Velocity
⦁ is the rate of change of its position with respect to a
frame of reference, and is a function of time
⦁ Speed with direction
⦁ Vector quantity
⦁ S.I unit – m/s
⦁ C.G.S unit - cm/s
⦁ Other units - km/h
Average velocity
⦁ Average velocity is given by the arithmetic mean of
initial velocity and final velocity for a given period
of time.
Speed and velocity
⦁ Speed is defined as the rate ⦁ Velocity is defined as the
of change of distance rate of change in
⦁ Speed is a scalar quantity displacement in a particular
direction
⦁ Cannot be zero
⦁ Velocity is a vector quantity
⦁ Speed = distance / time
⦁ Can be zero
⦁ Velocity = displacement/
time
Acceleration
⦁ is a measure of the change in the velocity of an
object per unit time
⦁ Rate of change of velocity
⦁ Vector quantity
⦁ C.G.S unit – cm/s2
⦁ S.I unit – m/s2
Ways to change acceleration
⦁ Giving a change in velocity
⦁ Giving a change in direction
⦁ Giving a change in both velocity and direction
Uniform and non uniform
acceleration
⦁ Uniform acceleration - If an object travels in a
straight line and its velocity increases or decreases
by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the
acceleration of the object is said to be uniform.

⦁ Non-uniform acceleration- An object can travel with

non-uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a
non-uniform rate.
Uniform and non uniform acceleration
⦁ If an object travels in a ⦁ An object can travel with
straight line and its velocity non-uniform acceleration if
increases or decreases by its velocity changes at a
equal amounts in equal non-uniform rate.
intervals of time, then the ⦁ Eg- A car moving in a
acceleration of the object is crowded city
said to be uniform.
⦁ Eg – freely falling body
Odometer and speedometer
⦁ Automobiles are fitted with a device that shows the
distance travelled. Such a device is known as an
odometer.
⦁ A speedometer or speed meter is a gauge that
measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a
vehicle.
Equations of motion

⦁ Where, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a is

acceleration, t is time, s is displacement
Derivation of laws of motion
Ways of deriving the equations of
motion

General method

Graphical method

Calculus
Algebric method
Derivation of first equation of motion
⦁ Mathematically, acceleration is represented as
follows:
a =v − u / t

⦁ where v is the final velocity and u is the initial

velocity.
⦁ Rearranging the above equation, we arrive at the first
equation of motion as follows:
⦁ v = u+ at
Derivation of second equation of
motion
⦁ We know that,
⦁ Substituting the above equations with the notations
used in the derivation of the first equation of motion,
we get
⦁ s=u+v /2×t
⦁ From the first equation of motion, we know that v =
u + at. Putting this value of v in the above equation,
we get
⦁ s=u+(u+at)/ 2×t

⦁ s=2u+at / 2×t

⦁ s=(2u / 2+ at / 2)×t

⦁ s=(u+ ½ at)×t
Derivation of third equation of motion
⦁ s=( u+ v / 2)×t
⦁ From the first equation of motion, we know that
v=u+at
⦁ Rearranging the above formula, we get
t=v−ua
⦁ Substituting the value of t in the displacement
formula, we get
⦁ s=(v+u / 2)(v−u / a)

⦁ s=(v2−u2/2a)

⦁ 2as=v2−u2
⦁ v2−u2 =2as (rearranging the above equation)
Graphical method
Derivation of first equation of motion
⦁ In the above graph,
⦁ The velocity of the body changes from A to B in
time t at a uniform rate.
⦁ BC is the final velocity and OC is the total time t.
⦁ A perpendicular is drawn from B to OC, a parallel
line is drawn from A to D, and another perpendicular
is drawn from B to OE (represented by dotted lines).
⦁ Following details are obtained from the graph above:
⦁ The initial velocity of the body, u = OA
⦁ The final velocity of the body, v = BC
⦁ From the graph, we know that
⦁ BC = BD + DC
⦁ Therefore, v = BD + DC
⦁ v = BD + OA (since DC = OA)
⦁ Finally, v = BD + u (since OA = u) (Equation 1)
⦁ Now, since the slope of a velocity-time graph is
equal to acceleration a,
⦁ a = BD/AD
⦁ Since AD = AC = t, the above equation becomes:
⦁ BD = at (Equation 2)
⦁ Now, combining Equation 1 & 2,
⦁ v = u + at
Derivation of second equation of
motion
⦁ From the graph above, we can say that
⦁ Distance travelled (s) = Area of OABC = Area of
rectangle OADC + Area of triangle ABD
⦁ s= ½ AB×BD

⦁ s=(½ AB×BD)+(OA×OC)
⦁ Since BD = EA, the above equation becomes
⦁ s=(½ AB×EA)+(u×t)
⦁ As EA = at, the equation becomes
⦁ s= ½ ×at×t+ut

⦁ On further simplification, the equation becomes

⦁ s = ut + ½ at2
Derivation of third equation of motion
⦁ From the graph, we can say that
⦁ The total distance travelled, s is given by the Area of
trapezium OABC.
⦁ Hence,
S = ½ (Sum of Parallel Sides) × Height
S=(OA+CB)×OC
⦁ Since, OA = u, CB = v, and OC = t
⦁ The above equation becomes
⦁ S= ½ (u+v) × t
⦁ Now, since t = (v – u)/ a
⦁ The above equation can be written as:
⦁ S= ½ ((u+v) × (v-u))/a
⦁ Rearranging the equation, we get
⦁ S= ½ (v+u) × (v-u)/a
⦁ S = (v2-u2)/2a
⦁ Third equation of motion is obtained by solving the
above equation:
⦁ v2 = u2+2as
Kinematic Graphs
Graphs
⦁ are the best way to convey descriptions of real world
events in a compact form.
⦁ is defined as a pictorial representation of information
which is a 2D drawing explaining the relationship
between dependent and independent variables.
⦁ Independent variables are represented on the
horizontal line known as x-axis while the dependent
variables are represented on the vertical line known
as y-axis.
Main types of graphs
⦁ Distance – time graph

⦁ Velocity – time graph

⦁ Acceleration – time graph

Distance time graph
⦁ shows how far an object has travelled in a given
time. 
⦁ a simple line graph that denotes distance vs time
findings on the graph.
⦁ Distance is plotted on the Y-axis.
⦁ Time is plotted on the X-axis.
Velocity time graph
⦁ Velocity-time graphs are used to describe the motion
of objects which are moving in a straight line.
⦁ They can be used to show acceleration and to work
out displacement.
Acceleration time graph
⦁ An acceleration vs. time graph plots acceleration
values on the y-axis, and time values on the x-axis.
Uniform circular motion
⦁ The movement of a body following a circular path is
called a circular motion.
⦁ speed = 2πr / t
⦁ Uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion
⦁ Eg –
1. A satellite revolving around the Earth
2. an athlete running in a circular path
Derivation
⦁ v = 2πr / t
⦁ Distance in circular motion = circumference of the
circle = 2πr
⦁ Speed = distance / time
⦁ Therefore,
2πr / t
THE END