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Basics of FEA

The document discusses the finite element method (FEM) and its use in solving complex engineering problems. FEM involves breaking down a complex geometry into smaller, simpler pieces and using mathematical modeling to simulate physical phenomena. It allows for approximate numerical solutions to differential equations governing physical systems. FEM is used widely in fields like structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, acoustics, and more. It provides a powerful tool to analyze complex real-world problems that have no analytical solutions.

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Balasubramani v
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78 views

Basics of FEA

The document discusses the finite element method (FEM) and its use in solving complex engineering problems. FEM involves breaking down a complex geometry into smaller, simpler pieces and using mathematical modeling to simulate physical phenomena. It allows for approximate numerical solutions to differential equations governing physical systems. FEM is used widely in fields like structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, acoustics, and more. It provides a powerful tool to analyze complex real-world problems that have no analytical solutions.

Uploaded by

Balasubramani v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Why FEM ?

Predictive Method of Analysis


Vs
Experimental Analysis
What is FEM ?
 Determination of the solution for a
complicated problem by replacing it by
a simpler one.

 Geometrically complex domain


represented as a collection of smaller
manageable domains.
 Solution to these geometrically
simple domains is easier.

 Replacing the original complex


geometry as an assemblage of smaller
simple geometry will result in only an
approximate solution.
Lower bound solution
Area = 6 x A2
A2
App.Area < actual
Area area

No of sides

Upper bound solution


Area Area = 6 x A1 A1
App.Area > actual area

No of sides
Where FEM ?
FEM

FEA (finite element analysis), or


FEM (finite element method), was
primarily developed by engineers
using physical reasoning and can
trace much of its origin to matrix
methods of structural analysis.
The finite element method is a
computer aided mathematical
technique that is used to obtain an
approximate numerical solution to
the fundamental differential and/or
integral equations that predict the
response of physical systems to
external effects.
What is meant by external influence?
 
ªWhen a bar is subjected to an axial pull
‘P’ it elongates  

ªWhen a metallic rod is heated


its temperature rises  

ªWhen a beam is subjected to an


external harmonic excitation it vibrates
 
In the above examples the force ‘P’, or
heat flux ‘q’ or harmonic excitation
force constitute the “external influence”
that causes the system to change.

 The elongation, temperature rise or


vibration represents the system’s
response to the external influence.
Why FEM ?
Mathematical modeling to simulate
physical happening
Any Physical
System
Laws of physics
Mathematical
modeling
Solution
When FEM ?
Complex geometry

Complex loading

Complex material
properties
Applications
• Structural Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Automobile Engineering
• Thermal applications
• Acoustics
• Flow Problems
• Dynamics
• Metal Forming
• Medical & Dental applications
• Soil mechanics etc.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION
TECHNIQUES
 
Weighted Residual Methods - Collocation method
- Sub domain method
- Least squares method
- Galerkin method

    Finite Difference Method


Rayleigh Ritz Technique
    Finite Element Method
    Boundary Element Method
FEM
Mathematical modeling to simulate
physical happening
Any Physical
System

Laws of physics

Mathematical modeling

Solution
Mathematical modeling
Field Variable/
dependent variable
Primary variable

Cross-sectional
property
Governing
Equation
E A ( d2u /dx2 ) +  A = 0

Independent
Material variable or
Properties spatial co-
ordinate
Example of a taper rod subjected a point load ‘P’
and its own self weight
 A(x)

dx
dx

( + d) A (x)

 A(x) dx (self weight)


P
For equilibrium ( +d) A(x) +  A(x) dx -  A(X) = 0 --(1)

i.e) d A(x) +  A(x) dx = 0 ---(2)


du A(x) = A0 - (A0-A1) x/l
  E   E  (3 )
dx
from continuum
Where  - stress,  - strain & E - Young’s Modulus
mechanics,  = du / dx

(3) in (2 ) & dividing by dx. d ( A ( x ))


E  A ( x )  0
dx
  du  
 d  A(x)   Governin
 dx
E   A ( x )  0  (4)
g
 dx 
  Equation
 
For a bar of constant cross section d 2u
EA( x) 2  A( x)  0  (5)
dx
  du  
 d  A(x)  
dx  
E   A ( x )  0  (4)
 dx 
 
 
Boundary conditions
 dU
1. U()0=0andEA
(x)  P
 dxxL
 d U

2. U
()
0=0a
ndE
A(
x)  P
 dx
xL
Variables:
Primary
eg. Displacement, u
Temperature, T
Secondary
eg. Force EA du/dx
Heat flux –KA dT/dx
Loads:
Volume loads N/m3 N/m
eg. Self weight, udl
Point loads N
Problems that could be solved
by the FEM

1. Boundary Value Problems


2. Initial Value Problems
3. Eigen Value Problems
Boundary Value Problem (BVP)
A boundary value problem is one where the
field variable (e.g., temperature or
displacement) and possibly its derivatives
are required to take on specified values on
the boundary
(e.g.,
KA dT / dx = Q,
where K= Thermal conductivity,
A = area of cross-section,
Q = Heat flux).
  
d  dT(x) 
  KA(x)  + hp [T(x) - T ] = 0
dx  dx 
  
Boundary conditions: @ x = 0, T = T0
@ x = l, -KA (dt/dx) = 0
Initial Value Problem (IVP)
An Initial value problem is one
where the field variable and
possibly its derivatives are
specified initially (i.e., at time t=0).
These are generally time dependent
problems.
Examples include
Unsteady heat conduction
Dynamic problems
Initial conditions: @ time t = 0
i) du/dt = C0
where Velocity = du /dt
ii)
displacement u = a0
T = 300K T=
350K

T=500 K T=500 K

t = 0 Sec t=1 Sec


Eigen Value Problem (EVP)

An eigen value problem is one


where the problem is defined by a
homogeneous differential equation
that is one where the right hand side
is zero. An important class of eigen
value problems is the ‘Vibration of
Beams” or continuous systems.
Eigen Value Problem (EVP)
First mode shape

Second mode shape

Third mode shape


DIMENSIONALITY

Physical problems can be classified


into
(i) I dimensional
(ii) II dimensional
(iii) III dimensional problems.
Domain Geometry Boundary

1D Line Points

2D Area Curves

3D Volume Area
I-D PROBLEMS:-
When the geometry, material
properties and field variables such as
displacement, temperature, pressure
etc can be described in terms of only
one spatial co-ordinate we can go in
for one-dimensional modeling
T
2D PROBLEMS:-
When the geometry and other
parameters are described in terms of two
independent co-ordinates we go in for
two-dimensional modeling.

T
3D PROBLEMS:-
If the geometry, material properties and
other parameters of the body can be
described by three independent spatial
co-ordinates, we can discretize the body
using 3 dimensional modeling.
Exact and approximate solutions:
An exact solution satisfies the differential
equation at every point in the domain and
the boundary conditions on the boundary
An approximate solution satisfies the
boundary conditions completely and as
closely as possible the differential equation
  du  
 d  A(x)  
dx  
E   A ( x )  0  (4)
 dx 
 
 
Boundary conditions
 dU
1. U()0=0andEA
(x)  P
 dxxL
 d U

2. U ()
0=0 and E
A(
x)  P
 dx
xL
R – RESIDUE
u - approximate solution
uex – u = Error in solution
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF BVPs
(i) Choose a trial solution U(x) for U(x)

(ii) Select a criterion for minimising the error


U(x) can be a trigonometric function such as Asinx
or a logarithmic function log x
or a hyperbolic function
or polynomial functions

U ( x ) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 x 2 + a 4 x 3
2 3
U ( x ) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 x + a 4 x

i
f (x) =  a i x
i=0

U ( x ) = a 0  0 (x) + a1 1 (x) + . . . + a n  n (x)



0(1)=2theni U(x)=a00(x)+a1(x)+. +ann(x) fx() =  axi i
i= 0
1. Methods of weighted residuals (WRM)
which are applicable when the governing
equations are differential equations.

2. Ritz variational method which is applicable


when the governing equations are variational
(integral) equations with an associated quadratic
functional.
The WRM criteria seek to minimise the error
involved in not satisfying the governing differential
equations.
The most popular methods are

(i) The Collocation method.


(ii) The Sub-Domain method
(iii) The Least squares method.
(iv) The Galerkin method.
COLLOCATION METHOD
For each undetermined coefficient ai , choose a point
xi in the domain and at each such point called as
collocation point force the residual to be exactly zero
R ( x1 ) = 0
R(x 2 ) = 0
..........
ie.
R(x n ) may
The collocation points = be
0 located anywhere on
the boundary or in the domain.
THE SUB-DOMAIN METHOD
For each undetermined parameter choose an
interval x, in the domain. Then force
average of the residual in each interval to be
zero. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . ..

1
 R ( x ) dx = 0
 x 1  x1
1
 R ( x ) dx = 0
 x2  x2

1
 R ( x ) dx = 0
 xn  xn
LEAST SQUARES TECHNIQUE:
In this method we minimize with respect to
each undetermined coefficient the integral of
the square of the residue over the entire
domain
2
 /  a1 
1
R 2 (x) dx = 0

1
R ( x)( R/ a 1 ) dx = 0
THE GALERKIN METHOD
For each undetermined parameter we
require that a weighted average of R(x) over the
entire domain be zero. The weighting functions
are the trial functions associated with the
generalised coefficients
2
 R ( x )  i (x) dx = 0
1
GENERAL WRM



R ( X ) w i (x) dx = 0 i = 1, 2, . . . , n

(i) The Collocation method - dirac delta function


(ii) The Sub-Domain method - Unity
(iii)The Least squares method - Residue
(iv) The Galerkin method – coefficient of the
undetermined coefficients in the trial solution

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