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Roofs 1

Roof is the covering at the top of a building that protects from rain, snow, sunlight, wind and temperature extremes. Roofs come in various forms such as flat, pitched, vaulted and domed based on technical, economic or aesthetic needs. The earliest roofs were likely thatched roofs made of straw, leaves or reeds set at a slope for drainage. Modern roofs use various materials like stone, brick, timber, reinforced concrete and steel with forms including flat, sloped, arched and domed. Roof selection depends on material availability, costs, strength needs and the building type.

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36 views

Roofs 1

Roof is the covering at the top of a building that protects from rain, snow, sunlight, wind and temperature extremes. Roofs come in various forms such as flat, pitched, vaulted and domed based on technical, economic or aesthetic needs. The earliest roofs were likely thatched roofs made of straw, leaves or reeds set at a slope for drainage. Modern roofs use various materials like stone, brick, timber, reinforced concrete and steel with forms including flat, sloped, arched and domed. Roof selection depends on material availability, costs, strength needs and the building type.

Uploaded by

Bini Francis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROOFS

Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain,


snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature.
Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched,
vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical,
economic, or aesthetic considerations.
The earliest roofs constructed by man were probably thatched roofs that were
made of straw, leaves, branches, or reeds; they were usually set at a slope, or
pitch, so that rainfall could drain off them. Conical thatched roofs are a good
example of this type and are still widely used in the rural areas of Africa and
elsewhere. Thicker branches and timbers eventually came to be used to span
a roof, with clay or some other relatively impermeable substance pressed into
the interstices between them. Gabled and flat roofs were possible with these
materials. With the invention of brick and cut stone for building, the basic roof
forms of the dome and vault appeared..
The Roofing system functions primarily as a sheltering element
for the interior spaces of the building.

The roof must be structured to span across space and carry Live
loads(people, furniture, machinery) , Dead Loads ( Roof
Structure itself) and Wind Loads (Pressure from the wind).

The form of roofing system whether flat or sloping or curved –


has a vital impact on the buildings visual image.

Roofing systems which will affect / be deciding factors for


drainage pattern of the roof form, flashing requirements. It will
also affect the interior spaces due to the support system used.
ROOFING AND CEILING SYSTEMS
Characteristics that determine the choice of system
1.Availability of raw materials
2.Inherent Properties of the material
3.Skill-set
4.Technology
5.Cost
6.Strength
7.Building Typology
Systems of Construction
• Trabeated – Consist of a simple
post and beam/ lintel
• a system in which two upright
members, the posts, hold up a third
member, the lintel, laid horizontally
across their top surfaces.

• Arcuated- Makes use of an arch


• Stonehenge – not apparent to • Great Temple of Amon
naked eye, the lintels are fixed
with tenon and mortice joints
• The common materials used in the construction of lintels are as
follows:

• 1. Wood or timber lintels

• 2. Stone lintels

• 3. Brick lintels

• 4. Steel lintels

• 5. Reinforced cement concrete lintels


Categorizing in terms of materials.

• Stone
• Brick
• Timber
• RCC
• Steel
The stones are used in temple
construction according to the availability
and climate of the region such as granite
in the south, marble in the west,
sandstone in the central and limestone in
the coastal areas, sandstone is never
used in coastal areas and generally
locally available stone is preferred. The
stone selected for the construction
should be of even colour, hard and
perfect, pleasing to touch. The quality
and type of stone is very important
according the place where they are
applied in the construction. The hard and
even stones are used for the plinth,
columns, beams and slabs. The supple
stones are used for the construction of
sculptures, idols, carvings etc. The
preferred stones for the construction
were then quarried. These quarries were
mostly located in the nearby areas only in
some cases the specific stones were
transported from far of distance.
• d

• Stone slabs arranged diagonally


to span the opening
BRICK
Smaller module of
construction, hence it is
DOMES: essential to provide some
formwork and shuttering
to support the units
Process:
Supporting Walls
Shuttering and Formwork
with timber, ply etc.
Laying of bricks
Great Mosque of Qayrawan, Tunisia.

Sultaniyya complex, Cairo


Complex of Tatar al-Hijaziyya
6. Stüler’s Dome in Berlin
DOMES

New York City Center


Porcelain mosaic tiles reflect sunlight
and mitigate heat, covering the tortoise
shell-inspired roof that shelters the
undulating cave-like interiors below.

The shells are handmade from


reinforcing bars and mesh covered with
cement. This is covered with compacted
vermiculite, followed by mosaic pieces.
• The structural design of the Gateway of India is constituted of a large arch,
with a height of 26m. The monument is built in yellow basalt and
indissoluble concrete
• The central dome of the monument is about 48 feet in diameter, with a
total height of 83 feet. Designed with intricate latticework, the 4 turrets
are the prominent features of the entire structure of the Gateway of India
Most commonly used Roofs:
Flat roofs :
Roof structure may consist of :
Joists
Beams and decking
Flat trusses
Peculiarity : will have slopes towards outer side ( to RWP )

Sloping roofs :
Roof Structure may consist of:
Rafters & Sheathing
Beams, Purlins and Decking
Trusses
ROOFS
FLAT ROOFS:

Wood Roof Joists and Rafters:


Metropol Parasol by J.Mayer.H
Centre Pompidou-Metz by
Shigeru Ban

Glue-laminated timber beams


The frame is covered with a
translucent fibreglass and Teflon
textile canopy and overhangs the
building's walls by up to 20 metres.
Dominus winery by Herzog & de Meuron
 Nubian Vault technique,

The technique itself is as simple as it is ingenious. Building off of a


vertical wall, brick courses are laid in angled arches, inclining against
the wall, each supporting the next. The first 5 courses are not complete
arches (the first only consisting of a single brick on each side) as they
have to establish the incline. This produces a vault with forces working
more or less in traditional way but that is self-supporting from the very
start of construction as opposed to requiring support until the last brick
is laid.
 Nubian Vault technique,
FLAT ROOFS:
Structural Steel Roof Framing:
FLAT ROOFS:
Steel Trusses:
Space frame is a three dimensional truss whose linear members form a series
of triangulate polyhedrons.
Chord members of space frames may be structural pipes, tubing, channel, Tee
or W shape.
FLAT ROOFS:

Reinforced concrete roof slabs:


MAXXI MUSEUM -ROME:
Self consolidating concrete
Fibre reinforced concrete
Waffle Slab - Hall in Jaipur which for 5000 people
LONG SPAN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Folded plate structures consist of flat


components, or plates, that are
interconnected at some dihedral angle.
Structures composed of rectangular plates
are said to be prismatic. In modern
construction practice the most widely used
folded plate structures are made of cast-
in-situ or precast reinforced concrete
(including prestressed and reinforced-
cement structures). The structures are
used as roofs for industrial and public
buildings.
LONG SPAN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Multihalle in Mannheim

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