Scribd
Upload
988 views

Intensifying Screen

This document discusses intensifying screens, which convert higher energy x-rays to lower energy visible light. Intensifying screens allow lower x-ray doses and shorter exposure times. They are constructed with a base, reflective or absorptive layer, substratum, phosphor layer, and supercoat. The phosphor layer contains crystals that fluoresce when exposed to x-rays. Common phosphor types are calcium tungstate and rare earth crystals like lanthanum oxybromide and gadolinium oxysulfide. Intensifying screens improve image quality but also introduce some unsharpness.

Uploaded by

Lyht TV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
988 views

Intensifying Screen

This document discusses intensifying screens, which convert higher energy x-rays to lower energy visible light. Intensifying screens allow lower x-ray doses and shorter exposure times. They are constructed with a base, reflective or absorptive layer, substratum, phosphor layer, and supercoat. The phosphor layer contains crystals that fluoresce when exposed to x-rays. Common phosphor types are calcium tungstate and rare earth crystals like lanthanum oxybromide and gadolinium oxysulfide. Intensifying screens improve image quality but also introduce some unsharpness.

Uploaded by

Lyht TV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

INTENSIFYING SCREENS

INTENSIFYING SCREEN
INTENSIFYING SCREEN is a device that
converts X-rays to visible light. It converts a
higher energy electromagnetic radiation to a lower
energy electromagnetic radiation.
In general, films that are exposed using screens
has an image that is produced 95% by light and
5% by X-rays.
INTENSIFYING SCREEN
ADVANTAGES OF USING SCREENS
 reduces the dose required for a particular examination.
 short exposure time
 less movement unsharpness

DISADVANTAGE OF USING SCREEN


 introduces the screen unsharpness
INTENSIFYING SCREEN
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
BASE
 This acts as a support for all other layers of intensifying
screen.
 Made of polyester.
 250 microns () thick for cassettes and 175  for
screens used for automatic film changers.
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
REFLECTIVE OR ABSORPTIVE LAYER
 modern technology has already incorporated the reflective or
absorptive layer in the upper part of the base.
 Reflective layer intercepts light going away from the film and
redirects it towards the film.
 Increases speed but increases also the amount of unsharpness.
 Made from thin (30 ) coating of titanium dioxide (TiO2) or similar
compound.
 Absorptive layer absorbed the light travelling away from the film.
 This layer is made of dye incorporated on the base material.
 This slows down the speed of the system, but has the advantage of
improving the sharpness of the image.
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
SUBSTRATUM
 Attach the phosphor layer to the base.
 This should be as thin as possible but should provide
adequate adhesion.

PHOSPHOR LAYER
 This is a dispersion of the phosphor crystals within a
suitable binder.
 It is approximately 150 .
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
 Binder material that is commonly used by manufacturer is
the acetate acrylate as this has all the necessary
characteristic:
 Flexible
 Inert to phosphor crystal and the light they emit
 Provide even, known dispersion of the phosphor in the binder
 Allows the phosphor layer to be coated onto the base at the required
thickness.
 Phosphor crystal is a metallic crystalline solid, naturally
occurring or artificially made, that exhibits the property of
fluorescence when exposed to X-rays and can be
manufactured in useful form to produce high image quality.
 Calcium tungstate (CaWO4)
 Rare earths
CONSTRUCTION OF
SCREENS
SUPERCOAT
 This is the top protective layer of the screen.
 It is approximately 8 thick.
 It is made of cellulose acetobiturate, or other polymer.
 It serves three functions:
 protects the delicate phosphor layer from mechanical damage,
 provides a surface which can be cleaned without damaging the
phosphor layer, and
 provides a smooth evacuation of entrapped air resulting in a good
film-screen contact.
 It must be a poor conductor of static electricity.
 The surface of protective coating can be made with
varying “roughness”.
INTENSIFYING ACTIONS OF
SCREENS
CONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF
PHOSPHOR
 The efficiency with which the phosphor converts X-
rays to light.

Efficiency = absorption x conversion x emission


INTENSIFYING ACTIONS OF
SCREENS
SCREEN EFFICIENCY
 The ability of the intensifying screen to absorb X-rays, to converts it to
light, and to allow the light to escape from the screen and expose the film.

Exposure required to produce ND 1.0: No screens


IF = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Exposure required to produce ND 1.0: With
screens
INTENSIFICATION FACTOR
 It is the ratio of the x-ray exposure needed to produce
the same density on a film with and without the screen.
SCREEN SPEED AND DETAIL
The relationship between screen speed and detail
is a reciprocal one: as the speed of the screen
increases, the amount of detail decreases.
FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED
 Phosphor type
 Phosphor grain size
 Thickness of phosphor layer
 Coating weight
 Presence of reflective/absorptive layer
 Dye tint in binder
 Exposure technique
SCREEN DETAIL
SCREEN UNSHARPNESS
 Due to divergent emission of light coming from
intensifying screen.
CROSSOVER EFFECT
 It is a result of the widening light beam emitted by the
crystal as it passes from one emulsion to the other,
causing a shadowy, less sharp image in the emulsion
layer furthest from the intensifying screen.
SCREEN DETAIL
STRUCTURE MOTTLE
 It is caused by the fact that it is not possible to evenly
dispersed the phosphor crystal throughout the binder
medium.
SCREEN-FILM CONTACT
 Poor film-screen contact , causes the light emitted by
the intensifying screen to diffuse before it reaches the
film, so that the image produce is unsharp.
TYPES OF PHOSPHORS
CALCIUM TUNGSTATE (CaWO4)
 It is a naturally occurring phosphor and produces a
continuous spectrum principally in the blue part of
visible spectrum, with a peak output at approximately
425 nm.
 Discovered by Thomas Edison.
TYPES OF PHOSPHORS

Spectral sensitivity of blue sensitive film and spectral emission of CaWO 4


TYPES OF PHOSPHORS
RARE EARTHS
 Are soft, malleable metals that can be made to emit
light upon stimulation by X-rays.
 First introduced in 1970’s by Wickersheim, Alves, and
Buchanan.
RARE EARTH SCREENS:
principal phosphors, symbols, emission
PHOSPHOR NAME FORMULA.ACTIVATOR PRINCIPAL EMISSION
Lanthanum oxybromide LaOBr.Tb Blue
Gadolinium oxysulfide Gd2O2S.Tb Green
Barium fluorochloride BaFCl.Eu Ultraviolet
TYPES OF PHOSPHORS

Spectral sensitivity of green sensitive film and spectral emission of Gd 2O2S.Tb


THANK YOU 

You might also like