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Java Programming Hari Mohan Pandey 2012

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is referred to as clock-based framing. It was first proposed by Bell Communication Research and developed under ANSI standards for digital optical fiber transmission. SONET is the dominant standard for long-distance data transmission over optical networks. It addresses framing, encoding, and multiplexing of low-speed links onto high-speed links using a standard frame size of 125 microseconds.

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88 views

Java Programming Hari Mohan Pandey 2012

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is referred to as clock-based framing. It was first proposed by Bell Communication Research and developed under ANSI standards for digital optical fiber transmission. SONET is the dominant standard for long-distance data transmission over optical networks. It addresses framing, encoding, and multiplexing of low-speed links onto high-speed links using a standard frame size of 125 microseconds.

Uploaded by

Ananya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLOCK BASED

FRAMING
(SONET)
PRESENTED BY :
ANANYA B R
I MCA
 
 
CLOCK-BASED FRAMING (SONET)
 
SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK (SONET) IS SIMPLY REFERRED TO AS CLOCK-BASED FRAMING.
SONET WAS FIRST PROPOSED BY BELL COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, AND THEN DEVELOPED UNDER THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD (ANSI) FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OVER OPTICAL FIBER.
SONET IS THE DOMINANT STANDARD FOR LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION OF DATA OVER OPTICAL NETWORKS.
SONET ADDRESSES THE THREE PROBLEMS
 
 
 
 
 
 

CLOCK-BASED FRAMING (SONET)


 
 
 
 

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is


 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

simply referred to as clock-based framing.


 

 SONET was first proposed by Bell


Communication Research, and then developed
under the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) for digital transmission over
optical fiber.

 
 SONET is the dominant standard for long-
distance transmission of data over optical
networks.

 SONET addresses the three problems


 Framing problem
 Encoding problem
 Multiplexing of several low-speed links onto
high-speed link.
 InSONET no bit stuffing is used, so that
frame’s length does not depend on the data
being sent.

 How does the receiver know where each frame


starts and ends?
 For a lowest-speed SONET link, which is
known as STS-1 and run at 51.84 Mbps, the
frame is shown in Figure.
Overhead Payload

9 rows

90 columns

A SONET STS-1 frames


 It is arranged as 9 rows of 90 byte each, and
the first 3 bytes of each row are overhead, with
the rest being available for data that is being
transmitted over the link.

 The first 2 bytes of the frame contain a special


bit pattern, and it is these bytes that enable the
receiver to determine where the frame starts.
 However, since bit stuffing is not used, there is
no reason why this pattern will not
occasionally turn up in the payload portion of
the frame.

 When the special pattern turns up in the right


place enough times, the receiver concludes that
it is in sync and can then interpret the frame
correctly.
•The overhead byte of SONET frame are
encoded using NRZ, where 1s are high and 0s
are low.
•However, to ensure that there are plenty of
transitions to allow the receiver to recover the
sender’s clock, the payload bytes are
scrambled.
•This is done by calculating the exclusive-OR
(XOR) of the data to be transmitted with a
well-known bit pattern.
 Thebit pattern, which is 127 bits long, has
plenty of transition from 1 to 0.

 SONET supports the multiplexing of multiple


low-speed links in the following way.
 A given SONET link run at one of a finite set
of possible rates, rating from 51.84
Mbps(STS-1) to 2,488 Mbps(STS-48),and
beyond.
 All of these rates are integer multiples of
STS-1.
 The significance for framing is that a single
SONET frame can contain sub-frames for
multiple lower-rate channels.

 A second related feature is that each frame is


125 micro second long.
 Thismeans that at STS-1 rates, a SONET
frame is 810 bytes long, while at STS-3 rates,
each SONET frames is 2,430 bytes long.

 Noticethe synergy between these two features:


3X810=2,430, meaning that three STS-1
frames fit exactly in a single STS-3 frame.
 The STS-N frame can be thought of consisting
of N STS-1 frames, where the bytes from these
frames are interleaved, that is, a byte from the
first frame is transmitted, then a byte from the
second frame is transmitted, and so on.
THANK
YOU

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