1
Islamic Studies
course code 104

Associate Degree Education

ADE/B.Ed(Hons)Elementary
Semester I

2
Lectuere#21 3
ISLAMIC HISTORY

By Muhammad Imran

4
 OUT LINES
• Islamic glorious History
• Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
• Period of Ummayyads
• Period of Abbasids
• Challenges face to
Mulsim Ummah
 Introduction
• Muslim Ummah has Glorious History which
Produced;
– Great intelectutals,inventors, Generals,Reformers,
Thinkers, Scientists, Scholars and Astronomers
• Today Muslims face a Common Threat of their
Survival
• Rise and fall is a social phenomenon, may be
Muslim Ummah is facing its logical correction
 Basis for Unity
• We are all Muslims, we believe in one God
Almighty Allah, we believe in one Prophet
Hazrat Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe wa Aal-
e-hee Wasallam) and we all have the book of
Allah i.e. Qur'an
• Allah
• Prophet
• Quran
 THE GLORIOUS PAST 00-100
• Period of Nabuwat
• Period of Khilafat
• Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) Iran, Iraq, Palestine and
Egypt were conquered.
• Hazrat Usman (R.A) Afghanistan, Qabris, Tunis and
Moroco were conquered.
• Hazrat Ali (R.A)
– Jang-e-Nehrwan with Kharjis, Jang-e-Jaml with Hazrat
Ayesha (R.A) and Jang-e-Safeen with Ameer Muawia.
 Cont….
• During the period of Hazrat Ameer Muawia Muslims got military
strength. After Ameer Muawia long chain of government is being
followed.
• Muawia---Yazid---Muawia II---Merwan---Abdul Malik---Waleed Bin
Malik
• In the period of Waleed Bin Malik great victories came in part of
Muslims.
– Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered Sindh
– Qateebah Bin Muslim Conquered Turkistan
– Tariq Bin Ziyad conquered Spain, Portugal
– Musa Bin Naseer conquered Undlus, Africa
• After this Islam emerged as power and penetrated in whole world
quickly.
 100-500 AH
• Period of Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
• Hasham Bin Malik ruled over Central Asia,
Roam
• Periodof Khilafat-e-Bnu Abbas
– Haroon-ur-Rasheed laid stress on education and
he developed schools and colleges to spread
education. Muslims got strength in education in
his period.
 Cont….
• Bring the period 300-400AH Khilafat was
divided.
• Aal-e-boya Iran
• Fatimi Egypt
• Ghazni Alpatagin
• Banu Idrees Africa
• Umvi Undlus
• From 400-500 AH Shia-Suni split happened.
 500-1000 AH
• 500-600 Crusades (Noor-ud-Din Zangi and Salah-u-Din
Ayubi)
• 600-700 was a period of Tatars attacks and falloff
Baghdad 1258
• First Qibla captured by Crusaders
• 700-800 Ameer Taimoor-Mahood Garan accepted Islam.
And havoc was turned
• 800-900 height of Ottoman Empire
• Rule of Banu Abbass ended in 923 AH
• 900-1000 Saleem Usmani, Ottoman Empire
 1000-1400 AH
• 1000-1100 period of fall
• 1100-1200 wars with Russia, Astria, Attack of
Abdalli,Durrani on India
• 1200-1300 Egypt Vs Ottomans, rebellion in
Bosnia, Napoleon’s attacks, Wahabiz at Hijaz
• 1300-1400 fall of Khilafat
• Ist-World War,
• 2nd-World War
 Cause of glory
• Muslims enjoyed victories
• They had strong military
• They were at peak in education, justice and
culture
• They were one Ummah
• They had strong economy and Jihad was basic
tool of strong economy.
 The Guided Khilafat
• Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra)
• Hadhrat Umar Farooq (ra)
• Hadrat Uthman Ghani (ra)
• Hadrat Ali bin Abi Talib (ra)
 Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra)
The First Successor of the Holy
Prophet (saw)
 General Information
• Born 572 A.D. in Mecca
• His name was Abdullah
• Father: Abu Qahafah
• Mother: Ummul Khair Salma
• Wealthy merchant
• Close friend of the Holy Prophet (saw)
• Title: Siddiq
• Accompanied the Holy Prophet (saw) during his migration
from Mecca to Medina
• Hadrat Abu Bakr (ra) passed away on August 23, 634 AD
• He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy
Prophet (saw) had given the glad tidings that they had been
rewarded the Paradise.
• He was khalifa for 2 years
 Acceptance of Islam
• Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra) was away when the Holy
Prophet (saw) first made his claim of prophethood
• Upon hearing rumors, he approached the Holy
Prophet (saw)
• When the Holy Prophet (saw) told him that he had
received messages from God, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra),
without hesitation, accepted the claim of the Holy
Prophet (saw) and became a Muslim
 The Death of the Holy Prophet (saw)
• Hadhrat Abu Bakr was away when the Holy
Prophet (saw) died
• There was a lot of confusion and grief after
the death of the Holy Prophet (saw)
• Hadhrat Umar (ra) said that whoever should say
that the Prophet (saw) had died would lose his
head
• Hadhrat Abu Bakr cleared the confusion and
united the Companions
 The Death of the Holy Prophet (saw)
• He quoted from the Quran and said:
– "The Holy Prophet was but a prophet. There had been
prophets before him and they had all died. If he also
should die or be put to death, would they turn back upon
him?" (Al-Imran: 145)
– "Thou (O Muhammad) are surely going to die and they
surely are going to die." (Al-Zumar: 31) “
– "O ye men, whoever amongst you worshipped
Muhammad, let him know that Muhammad is dead, and
whoever amongst you worshipped Allah, let him know that
Allah is Living, there is no death for Him." (Bukhari, Volume
2, Chapter Manaqibe Abu Bakr)
 Khilafat of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra)

• He had to deal with several difficult problems after the

death of the Holy Prophet (saw)
– 1. Some of the tribes renounced Islam and started
preparing to attack Medina. Hadrat Abu Bakr (ra) sent
troops and succeeded in suppressing their rebellion.
– 2. Many people refused to pay the Zakat. Hadrat Abu Bakr
(ra)
vowed to collect Zakat from every one and took all the
necessary measures to achieve this goal.
– 3. A number of people pretending to be prophets, started
rebellions. They raised large armies and captured some of
the Muslim territories. Hadrat Abu Bakr (ra) suppressed
these rebellions.
Sevices of the Khilafat of Hadhrat Abu Bakr
(ra)

• During the last days of his life, the Holy Prophet (saw) had raised
an army to be sent against the Romans
• Due to the unstable conditions after the death of the Holy
Prophet (saw), some Companions suggested that the army be
kept close to Medina.
• But Hadrat Abu Bakr (ra) replied forcefully, “What authority has
the Son of Abu Qahafah, to stop that which was started by the
Holy Prophet (saw) ”.
• The Muslim Army defeated the Roman forces and Persian
forces, and the whole of Syria came under the control of the
Islamic state.
 Khilafat of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (ra)

• He also collected all the pieces of writings of

the Holy Quran in one place and re-organized
the system of Huffaz, or those who memorize
the Holy Quran.
 Death of the First Khalifa

• Hadhrat Abu bakr (ra) died in Madina in 13 A.H.

and was burried by the side of the Holy
Prophet (pbuh).At the time of his death he
was 63.His Kh ilafat lasted for two years and
four month.Before his death he nominated
Hazrat Umar (ra) as the successor to the Khilafat
from the shura of senior siahaba (ra).His
appointment was accepted by all the people.
Hadhrat Umar Farooq (ra)

The Second Successor of the Holy

Prophet (saw)
 General Information
• Title: Ibn Al-Khattab (family name)
• Born 581 A.D. in Mecca
• From the family of Quresh
• Initially, a fierce opponent of Islam and the Holy
Prophet (saw)
 Conversion to Islam
• One day Hadhrat Umar (ra) took up his sword and left his house
to kill the Holy Prophet (saw). On his way, someone told him to
first deal with his own sister and brother-in-law, who had
already accepted Islam. He went straight to their house. He
could hear the Holy Qur’an being recited inside the house.
This made him so furious that he beat his brother-in-law, and
wounded his sister who tried to protect her husband. His
wounded sister said, ‘Umar! You may beat us as much as you
like, but we are not going to give up our faith.’ This made
Hadhrat Umar (ra) calm down and he asked them to recite a
portion of the Holy Qur’an for him. He was so moved by the
Qur’anic verses that his eyes filled with tears. He went straight
to the Holy Prophet (saw) and accepted Islam.
 Expansion of the Muslim Empire

• During his Khilafat, vast areas of Iran, Iraq,

Syria, and Egypt came under the Muslim rule.
• The city of Jerusalem in Palestine was
conquered by Muslims in 17 Hijri
 Main Achievements
• Establishment of Majlis-e-Shura, a body of advisors
to the Khalifah
• Division of the whole Islamic state into provinces
• Establishment of a finance department and
building of schools and mosques in different parts
of the state.
• Introduction of Islamic calendar of Hijrah.
 Concern for His People
• Hadrat ‘Umar (ra) was so anxious about the welfare of his people
that he used to go around in disguise, in the city of Medina at night,
to see if anyone was in need of help. Once, he observed a woman
cooking something in a pot while her children were crying around
her. He found out from woman that the children had been hungry
for two days and that the pot was put on fire just to console them.
He immediately brought all the necessary food items to the woman.
On his way, one of his servants offered to carry the load but he
stopped him saying: On the Day of Judgment you will not carry my
load.
The woman, who had not seen Hadrat Umar (ra) before, was so
pleased that she prayed aloud for him saying, “May Allah make you
the Khalifah in place of Umar.” On hearing this Hadrat Umar (ra)
started crying and without saying a word left the place.
 Death of Hadhrat Umar (ra)

• In 644 AD, Hadrat Umar (ra) was stabbed by a Persian

slave, while he was offering his Prayers in the
mosque. He passed away at the age of sixty three on
26th of Dhul Hijjah, 23 AH.
• He was Khalifa for 10 years
• He was also one of the ten blessed ones to whom the
Holy Prophet (saw) had given the glad tidings that they
had been rewarded Paradise.
Hadrat Uthman Ghani ra

The Third Successor of the Holy

Prophet (saw)
 General Information
• Elected khalifa by the council appointed by Hadrat
Umar (ra) a short time before his death
• Belonged to Bani Umayya of the Quraish
• One of the ten men that received glad tidings of
paradise from Holy Prophet
 Ghani
• Well-known for generosity to the poor
 Acceptance of Islam
• Accepted Islam after preaching from close
friend Hadrat Abu Bakr ra
• Fourth person to embrace Islam
• Suffered due to persecution by uncle
• Migrated to Abyssinia and then Medina
 Dhunnurain
• one with two lights
• Married two of the Holy Prophet’s
daughters:
1. Ruqayyah ra
2. Ummi Kulthum ra
 Khilafat
• Crushed rebellion in Iran
• In the North, Romans defeated by Muslim
force lead by Hadrat Amir Muawiah ra
• Romans also prevented from invading Egypt
• Iran, Asia Minor and Egypt came under
Muslim control
• navy and an Islamic fleet were established
 Khilafat
• Standard copies of the Holy Qur’an were
prepared from the ones compiled by Hadrat
Abu Bakr (ra) and sent to all the provinces of
the state
• last six years of his Khilafat passed in chaos
and conflicts due to the conspiracies of certain
groups
 Death
• Hadrat Uthman (ra) was martyred on June 17,
656 AD while he was reciting the Holy Qur’an
• He died at the age of eighty-two
Hadrat Ali bin Abi Talib (ra)

The Fourth Successor of the Holy

Prophet (saw)
 General Information
• son of the Holy Prophet’s (saw) uncle Abu Talib
• born in Mecca about twenty years after the birth of
the Holy Prophet (saw)
• Holy Prophet (saw) himself became his guardian
• Hadrat Ali (ra) stayed in the bed of the Holy Prophet
(saw)
the night when the Holy Prophet (saw) left Mecca
for Medina
 General Information
• Hadhrat Ali (ra) was a brave and skilled warrior
• He participated in almost all battles with the
Holy Prophet (saw)
• He was married to Hadrat Fatimah (ra) who was
the daughter of the Holy Prophet (saw)
• One of the ten men that received glad tidings
of paradise from Holy Prophet
 Khilafat
• On June 23, 656 AD, Hadrat Ali (ra) was chosen
as the fourth successor of the Holy Prophet
(saw)

• The death of Hadrat Uthman (ra) resulted in

complete disorder in the city of Medina.
• Hadhrat Ali (ra) moved the capital of the
Muslim State from Medina to Kufa in Iraq,
which was a more central place
 Khilafat
• Face the demand of Muslims to immediately
punish the murderers of Hadrat Uthman (ra)
• announced that his top priority was to restore
order in the state; only then he would be able
to punish the assassins of  Hadrat Uthman (ra)
 Khilafat
• Hadrat Talha (ra) and Hadrat Zubair (ra) disagreed
with Hadhrat Ali (ra) and began to raise armies
• Hadrat Aishah (ra) also joined Hadrat Talha (ra)
and Hadrat Zubair (ra) , in an effort to punish
the assassins. The three led a small army
towards Basra, Iraq
 Battle of Jamal (Camel)
• battle took place between Hadrat Ali’s forces and the
forces of Hadrat Aishah (ra)
• Hadrat Talha (ra) and Hadrat Zubair (ra) left their forces
even before the battle, and were killed by some
other opponents.
• Hadrat Aishah’s (ra) forces were defeated, but Hadrat
Ali (ra) gave her due respect and took care of her
safety.
• Hadrat Aishah (ra) regretted throughout her life to
have fought against Hadrat Ali (ra).
DISPUTE OF MURDER OF HAZRAT UTHMAN
(ra)

• Hadhrat Amir Muawiah (ra), a member of the family of

Hadhrat Uthman (ra), and who fought against the
Romans during the time of Hadhrat Uthman (ra) had
not taken Bai’at at the hands of Hadhrat Ali (ra)
• After the Battle of Jamal, Hadrat Ali (ra) urged Amir
Muawiah (ra) to take Bai’at in the best interest of
Islam. But Amir Muawiah (ra) refused and insisted that
the death of Hadhrat Uthman (ra) must be avenged
first.
 Hadrat Ali (ra) and Amir Muawiah (ra)
• Amir Muawiah (ra), with the help of Amr Bin As (ra), started
raising an army.
• Hadrat Ali (ra) had no choice but to fight Amir Muawiah (ra).
• In July, 567AD, the two armies met in a battle at Saffain. The
battle ended with the agreement that the matter be decided
by a committee containing Abu Musa al-Ash’ari (ra),
representing Hadrat Ali (ra), and Amr Bin As (ra) representing
Amir Muawia (ra).
• This agreement ended in failure because Amr Bin As (ra) did
not follow the decision agreed upon
 Khwarariji
• ‘The Outsiders’
• A group of people who were basically against
the decision of the committee. They separated
and chose an independent Amir for
themselves.
• Hadrat Ali (ra) first tried to persuade them to
follow him, but failed. This led to a fierce battle
in which most of the Khawariji were killed.
 Death--SHAHADAT
• Khawariji planned to assassinate Hadrat Ali (ra), Hadrat Amir
Muawiah (ra) and Amr bin As (ra).
• The latter two escaped from the attempts on their lives.
Hadrat Ali (ra) was fatally wounded by his attacker, while
going to the mosque for Fajr prayer
• Two days latter, he passed away on 20th Ramadan, 40 AH
Spread of Islam

Expansion
under the
Umayyads
 The Umayyad
• The Umayyad Dynasty, begun by hadhrat Muawiya (ra) the founder of the Dynasty. It
lasted from 661-750.

• During his Caliphate the political center of the Empire was transferred from Mecca
to Damascus.

• hazrat Muawiya (ra) adopted certain Byzantine administrative practices and

employed former Byzantine officials and craftsmen.

• Abd al-Malik, from 684 to 705, brought about many administrative changes in the
Islamic empire.

• Abdul Malik made the decision to establish Arabic as the language of

administration, eliminating the Greek and Persian that had been retained since the
Islamic conquest of Byzantine and Sassanid lands.

• Abdul Malik started the process of translation of Greek, Persian and Latin
knowledge into Arabic, although the actual development took place during the
Abbasid Dynasty.
 The Umayyad Empire
• The Umayyads ruled until 750 CE providing the next
14 caliphs
• The first caliph of the Umayyad Empire was hazrat
Muawiya (ra) – when he took control he moved the
capital of the Empire from Medina to Damascus in
Syria where his supporters and armies were located
• Once the Umayyads had control they began to
conquer new lands
– The empire spanned parts of three continents: Africa, Asia,
and Europe in less than 100 yrs.
 The Expansion of the Empire
• When the Umayyad’s took power in 661
CE the Empire’s eastern boundary
extended into Persia and pushed the
border further into Central Asia
• The expansion began with hit and run
raids attacking the cities of Bukhara and
Smarkland – both major trade cities of the
region (located in modern Uzbekistan
 Umayyad Armies

• Hit and run raids soon turned into organized

compaigns for conquest which allowed them to
control most of Central Asia by 700’s
• By 710 they controlled North Africa from the Nile to
the Iberian Peninsula
• By 711 they moved North across the Mediterranean
Sea and into the Iberian Peninsula (modern nations
of Spain and Portugal)
 Umayyad’s Success
• The Umayyads’ ruled successfully for awhile:
– Expanded into a vast area of land
– They build Mosques (Dome of the Rock)
– Allowed their people to bring their problems to them and
consulted advisers about their policies
– Had a postal service
– Arabic replaced Greek and Persian as the language of the
captured territory
– Developed Arab coinage called the Dinar (gold) or Diraham
(silver)
 Challenges to Success
• The Umayyad controlled a vast empire, and
with so much land under their control they
faced many challenges
– How would the Umayyads rule such a vast
empire?
– How would the Caliphs communicate with their
subjects hundreds of miles away?
– How would the subjects of the Ummayyads pay
for goods?
 Umayyad Government
• In order to control the vast territory the
Umayyads patterend their government on the
bureaucracy used in the lands they won from
the Byzantine Empire
• The bureaucracy allowed the Umayyads to
control the entire empire from the capital,
Damascus
• The caliphs appointed Emirs, or govenors, to
rule the outlying provinces
 Language
• The population of the Umayyad empire was
very diverse which was a challenge in uniting
the population
• Abd al-Malik, who became caliph in 685,
declared Arabic as the language of the
government for all Muslim lands
A Common Coinage
• Trade was another issue the
Umayyads faced
• In 700 Abd al-Malik further
unified the Empire by
introducing a common
coinage
• The coins helped spread
acceptance of Islam and the
Arabic language
• Commerce was also made
easier
 The Decline of the Umayyads
• Over time the Umayyads started to neglect the rules
of Islam
• They did not base their laws on the Qur’an
• Built lavish palaces outside of the towns where they
spent their time hunting, drinking, or dancing
surrounded by beautiful women, poets and musicians
• The Umayyad clan was Sunni. Which meant they
supported the election of caliphs. However, each
Umayyad caliph named a relative as a successor
before he died. This was creating a ruling family.
 Unrest
• The followers of the Umayyads became unhappy –
especially the Shi’ites
• Jews and Christians became unhappy: they didn’t like
paying the more taxes than the Muslims
• Persians didn’t like the substandard treatment
• Umayyad soldiers no longer wanted to fight – they
had become comfortable with their lives and family
 The Abbasids opposed the Umayyads
• One group of Muslims, the Abbasids, gained
support from other Muslims who opposed the
Umayyads
• By 750 the combined forces devised a plan to
overthrow the Umayyads
• According to some historians, the Abbasids
invited the Umayyad leaders to a meeting to
talk about peace. At the meeting the
Umayyad’s were murdered
 Causes of Weakness
– Indulgence in luxury was rife due to increased
wealth and supper abundance of slaves.
• During the era of Rightly Guided Caliphs the Caliphs
functioned as equals living a life in simplicity.
• The emphasis on simplicity changed with the Umayyads
who isolated themselves from the rest of the
population.
• They took pleasure in the riches that flowed into the
treasury in Damascus.
• They became less consultative and more authoritative.
 Causes of Weakness
– Hazrat Muawiya (ra) caused a significant disturbance in the empire
by naming his son, Yazid, as his successor.

– The ensuing controversy stemmed from the fact that the caliphate
had traditionally been an elected office.
– Yazid was not a popular leader, and he reigned for only three
years.

– The Shi'ites again vied for the caliphate starting a rebellion.

– Hazrat Ali's (ra) second son, hazrat Imam Hussein (ra), whose
subsequent death at the Battle of Karbala, in Iraq, is still
commemorated by Shiite Muslims today.
 ‫ش شن‬
‫ہ اھیت‬
The Collapse of the Umayyad Dynasty
• The Umayyads' enemies formed a unified group to oppose
the rulers. This group, led by descendants of Muhammad's
uncle, Abbas, called themselves the Abbasids.

• After several military conflicts between the two groups, the

Abbasids succeeded in overthrowing the Umayyads in the
battle of Zab 750, and installing their own caliph on the
throne.

• The Abbasids promised their supporters, many of whom were

mawali, that all Muslims would be treated equally.
Spread of Islam

Expansion
under the
Abbasids
 The Abbasid
• The Abbasids symbolized their connection with their pre-
Islamic predecessors by founding a new capital, Baghdad,
near the old Sasanian capital.

• Iraq was influenced by Persian history and culture, and

moving the capital was part of the mawali demand for less
Arab influence in the empire.

• The city of Baghdad was constructed by al-Mansur on the

Tigris River, in 762, to serve as the new Abbasid capital.
 The Administrative Structure
• The change in the location of the center to Baghdad brought Islamic
civilization to the Persian administrative structures institutionalized by the
Sasanide Empire.

• Iranian imperial traditions of royal absolutism and bureaucratic

specialization were brought to the Empire.

• This was added to the Arab and Byzantine experiences that were adopted
by the Umayyads.

• Abbasid employed large number of converted Iranians into their elaborate

administrative structure.

• The Abbasids established the position of vizier in their administration. This

change meant that caliphs under the Abbasids ended up in a much more
ceremonial role than ever before, with the vizier in real power.
 Administrative Structure Continued
• The Abbasids exposure to the absolutist King adopted from the Sasanides
carried the absolutist monarchy further than the Umayyads, isolating the
Caliph except from his trusted ones.

• The Abbasid Caliphs lived in luxurious palaces, they identified themselves

not as the successors of the profit but “The Shadow of God on Earth.”

• The Abbasids centralized political authority and the court system. The
absolutist monarch played the role of the secular king and the head of
judges.

• This formula worked well and brought the Empire to 200 years of stability
and prosperity, intellectual achievements, and general political stability
based on the widespread acceptance to the benefits of the Caliph’s
absolutism.
 The Golden Age
• In the ninth century two imperial powers stood opposite to each other
Charlemagne in the West and Harun al-Rashid in the East.

• Harun al-Rashid and Charlemagne were allies they exchanged letters of

friendly relations.

• During the reign of Harun al-Rashid Baghdad was the world center of
wealth and international significance, standing against its rival of
Byzantium.

• Rashid’s era witnessed a the core of the development of Byzantine and

Sasanide civilizations into a new awakening. This awakening was due in
large measure to foreign influences.
 The Golden Age
• The Abbasid could rival their pre-Islamic predecessors in carrying and developing a
civilization that was the most superior of its time.

• Arab Muslims, who brought with him from the desert a keen curiosity to gathering
knowledge adopted Aramaic civilization influenced by the Greeks in Syria and
Persian civilization in Iraq.

• The Arabic reading world was in position of the chief philosophical works of
Aristotle, of chief Neo-Platonic Commentators and of most of the medical writings
of Galen, as well as Persian and Indian sciences works.

• This development was enhanced by The Caliphs generous patronage of artists and
artisans of all kinds.

• Economic prosperity and intellectual exchange was enhanced by the trade rout
established by the great 7,000-mile Silk Road from Xi’an [Sian], China to Baghdad—
then the two largest cities in the world—helped provide the wealth.
 Translation ‫دارا تلرج مۃ‬
• The ensuing literary florescence was promoted by the capture of a
group of Chinese papermakers at the Battle of Talas in 751.
• The Abbasid encouraged translation from pre-Islamic languages,
particularly Middle Persian, Greek, and Syriac.

• This activity provided a channel through which older thought could

enter and be reoriented by Islamic societies.

• In the field of mathematics, al-Khwārizmī, from whose name the

word algorithm is derived, creatively combined Hellenistic and
Sanskritic concepts.

• The word algebra derives from the title of his major work, Kitāb al-
jabr wa al-muqābalah (“The Book of Integration and Equation”).

Encyclopedia Britanica “The Abbasides”

 Tolerance and Pluralism
• The Abbasids ability to expand and develop the Arab Islamic
Civilization was mainly due to the principle of tolerance
leading to the development of a pluralistic society.
• The State was secular administering Jews, Christians, non
believers, Zoroastrians and Muslims.
• In Medina the Prophet started this process by making a
defense alliance with the Jewish tribes that supported him.
( Mithaq al-Madina). The Abbasid followed this example.
• Jewish scholars as masters of Arabic, Hebrew and Latin
languages were seminal in the translation process.
 Causes of glory Muslim Ummah
• Muslims enjoyed victories
• They had strong military
• They were at peak in education, justice and
culture
• They were one Ummah
• They had strong economy and Jihad was basic
tool of strong economy.
 Early Division
• This difference in approaches on purely a
political issue divided the Muslims permanently.
(Political)
• However, there were no differences among
Muslims regarding Islamic Jurisprudence and
worshipping (Ibadaat).
• If some differences occasionally appeared
among them, they never considered it as a
difference that could divide Muslims.
 Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah
• Illiteracy • Concentration of wealth
• Terrorism • Redefining the role of
• Poverty-HDI women
• Autocracy-SDI • Lack of Institutional
• Far behind in Science Ijtehad
and Technology • Occupied Lands
• No Veto Powers • War ridden Economies
 Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Social Problems
• Nationalism and Sectarianism
• Jihad and Terrorism
• Absorption of Foreign Culture
• Clash of Civilization
Educational Decay
• Lack of Creativity and Innovation
• Failure to Promote Technical Education
• Failure to Educate Women
 ‫ف ت ف ن شت‬
Causes of Debacles ‫ریا ا ر‬، ‫ا ر ا‬:
• Forgetting Shariah
• Materialism
• Internal conflicts-Division
– Nationalism -Regionalism (Arab, Non Arab or Arab, African)
– Sectarian
• Internal and International conspiracies
• Illiteracy, poverty and conservatism
• Leaving Jihad and spirituality
 Responsibilities of Ummah:

• Understanding, implementation and

preaching of shariah- Religious
• Establishment of Khilafat/Shariah-Political
• Jihad-Economic

• Ijtehad-Educational
 Recommendations
• Attainment of Veto power by Muslim countries
• Islamic banking system, which ensures a system of interest
and exploitation free principles
• Effective Political role of OIC
• Collective media of all countries to protect Muslim world
• Common currency
• Less reliance on USD
• Common trade market
• Common court of justice
• Institutional Ijtehad
• Development of Science and Technology
 SUMMARY
• Islamic glorious History
• Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
• Period of Ummayyads
• Period of Abbasids
• Challenges face to
Mulsim Ummah
 Short Activity
1. Introduce in your words the glorious islamic
history?
2. Who are the Ummayyads?
3. Who are the Abbasids?
4. Recall the names of khulfa e rashideen?