NON-METALLIC MINERALS

WHAT ARE MINERALS?

Minerals: the building blocks of rocks

 Definition of a Mineral:
 naturally occurring
 inorganic PYRITE1
 homogeneous solid
 characteristic crystalline
structure
 definite chemical composition
CITRINE2
1https://pixabay.com/photos/pyrite-pyrites-mineral-sulfide-345637/

2 https://www.maxpixel.net/Amethyst-Crystals-Macro-Minerals-Gems-Citrine-3852605
 USES OF MINERALS

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 USES OF MINERALS

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 MINERALS

• METALLIC MINERALS
• Metallic minerals are the minerals that
contain one or more metals.
• In general, they occur as mineral deposits
and are a good conductor of heat and
electricity, e.g. iron, copper, gold, bauxite,
manganese etc https://qsstudy.com/geology/metallic-minerals

•NON-METALLIC MINERALS:
• Non-metallic minerals are the minerals that
do not contain metals, e.g. limestone, mica,
coal, gypsum, dolomite, phosphate, salt,
manganese, granite etc.

https://earthathome.org/de/minerals/non-silicate-minerals/
 METALLIC MINERALS NON-METALLIC MINERALS
Metallic Minerals are minerals in which metal Non-metallic minerals do not contain any metal
elements are present in their raw form. substances in them.
When metallic minerals are melted a new In the case of non-metallic minerals, you don’t
product is formed. get any new product after such a process.
Metallic minerals are usually found in igneous Non-metallic minerals are often found embedded
and metamorphic rock formations. in young fold mountains and sedimentary rocks.

Metallic minerals are good conductors of Non-metallic minerals are basically good
electricity as well as heat. insulators of electricity and heat.
Metallic minerals have high malleability and Non-metallic minerals, lack in malleability and
ductility. ductility and these minerals break down easily.
Metallic minerals generally have lustre. Non-metallic minerals do not have any shine or
luster
 /

https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/story/amp/non-metallic-minerals-and-hazards-of-mining-91347
https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/nonmetallic-mineral-deposits
 CALCITE2

COAL
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/41557476844
https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/nonmetallic-mineral-deposits
FLUORITE 3
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcite_(Bethel_Level,_Cave-in-Rock,_Illinois,_
2
3
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/34432855311
USA)_2_(28608175977).jpg
 NON-METALLLIC RESOURCES
Non-metallic Resources – not mine to extract a METAL.

 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
* SAND, GRAVEL, LIMESTONE AND GYPSUM

 AGRICULTURE
* Phosphate, nitrate and potassium compounds Cement
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_cement_Type1_of_Taiwan_Cement_20180501.jpg

 INDUSTRIAL USE
* Rock, salt, sulfur

GEMSTONES
* Diamonds, rubies, etc.

 HOUSEHOLD AND BUSINESS PRODUCTS

* Glass and diatomite Gravel
https://pixabay.com/photos/sand-gravel-grain-beige-grey-1680600/

 ENERGY SOURCE
* Coal
https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/nonmetallic-mineral-deposits
 COAL
COAL
•a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called
coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with https://www.flickr.com/photos/121935927@N06/13598459184

variable amounts of other elements, chiefly

hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
•defined as having more than 50 percent by
weight (or 70 percent by volume)
carbonaceous matter produced by the
compaction  and hardening of altered  plant
 remains namely, peat  deposits https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-xphze
 RECALL : SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• A sedimentary rock is an accumulation of fragments of
pre-existing rocks (sediments).

• There are three types of sedimentary rocks;

a) CLASTIC (DETRITAL)
b) CHEMICAL
c) BIOCHEMICAL ( ORGANIC) ROCKS
 COAL FORMATION

Formation of Peat

https://www.slideshare.net/edstermer/coal-3505424
 MARSH , SWAMP AND BOG
Marshes are a type of wetland ecosystem where water covers
the ground for long periods of time.
A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather
than woody plant species. 
Marshes consist mainly of grasses

 Swamp is an area of land permanently saturated, or

filled, with water.
Swamps have trees and bushes

A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat, a

deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority
of cases, sphagnum moss.
Bogs are dominated by sphagnum moss.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/74450200074022201/
 COAL FORMATION: PEAT

PEAT FORMATION

https://www.slideshare.net/edstermer/coal-3505424
 COAL FORMATION:PEAT

https://www.slideshare.net/edstermer/coal-3505424
 COAL FORMATION

https://www.slideshare.net/edstermer/coal-3505424
 COAL FORMATION: LIGNITE

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14626989

http://www.learnersplanet.com/cbse-8-science-coal-and-petroleum-class-notes
 COAL FORMATION: BITUMINOUS/ANTHRACITE

http://www.learnersplanet.com/cbse-8-science-coal-and-petroleum-class-notes http://www.learnersplanet.com/cbse-8-science-coal-and-petroleum-class-notes

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14626989
 STAGES IN COAL FORMATION

General trends that produce coal with the different types of coal that exist
 CONDITIONS ON COAL FORMATION

1. Abundant plant matter: terrestrial plants

2. Climate: tropical to temperate
3. Paleogeography:
- Should not be steep – low relief, gentle gradient to allow accumulation of
plant debris
- Swamp is protected from inundation
- Subsidence: gradual – slow rise of water table --- preservation
- Tectonic setting: quiet
 COAL COMPOSITION

MACERAL
Microscopic organic compounds of coal
consisting of an irregular mixture of different
chemical compounds.

Macerals are analogous to minerals in

inorganic rocks but they differ from minerals
a) they have no fixed chemical
composition
b) lack a definite crystalline
structure.
 MACERALS
THREE BROAD GROUPS
OF MACERALS:
a) LIPTINITE – Hydrogen rich and
show lowest reflectance.

b) VITRINITE – Oxygen rich and

show lowest reflectance

c) INERTINITE - Carbon rich and

show highest reflectance.
https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-macerals.php
Vitrinite reflection is a
standard method for
calculating the relative
amount of  coalification
 (rank, maturation) that a
coal (or other organic
substance) has undergone

Microscopic measurement of the relative reflectance of vitrinite macerals

(Ro) compared to coal rank, fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM),
moisture (M), and gas and oil generation. (Figure by Cortland Eble, based
on data in ASTM, Stach and others, 1992, and Bustin and others, 1985).
 MACERALS

Vitrinites are composed of partially

"gelled" wood, bark, and roots, and
contain less hydrogen than liptinites.
Oxygen rich

Liptinites are derived from spores,

pollens, cuticles, and resins in the
original plant material. These plant
parts are more hydrogen-rich than
other macerals.

Hydrogen rich
Inertinites are mainly oxidation
products of other macerals and are
consequently richer in carbon than
liptinites or vitrinites, because much
. of the oxygen in the original plant
Carbon rich
parts or residues has been consumed
by oxidation. 
THREE MAJOR GROUPS OF MACERALS

https://www.slideshare.net/adhlino_bono/coal-mine
 MICROLITHOTYPES
 Where organic and inorganic constituents
of coal combine in various associations to form
microscopic layers or bands, these are
termed microlithotypes. By definition, these are
greater than 50 μm in width
 MICROLITHOTYPES are natural association of
macerals in coals at microscope level.
 CARBOMINERITE- If the microlithotype in addition to
its maceral content, has 20-60% silicate or carbonate
minerals or 5-20% sulfide minerals.
 All macerals have a suffix “INITE” and microlithotypes
have the suffix “ite”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/microlithotypes
 MICROLITHOTYPES
Microlithtypes are classified into three groups
based on the number of macerals they contain:

MONOMACERAL- type consist of one maceral

group.
Ex: Vitrite ( over 95% vitrinite)
and inertite ( over 95% inertinite)

BICACERAL/BIMACERALIC – consist of 2
maceral groups
Ex: Clarite, durite and vitrinite.

TRIMACERAL /TRIMACERALIC – consist of 3

maceral groups
Ex: Duroclarite, clarodurite
and vitrinertoliptite
MICROLITHOTYPES
 CLASSIFICATION OF COAL BASED ON
THEIR SOURCE OF GENESIS
HUMIC COAL
 Those developed from terrestrial plant debris that
was exposed to atmosphere and passed through
peat stage.

 Higher plant kingdom is source

SAPROPELIC COAL
 Developed from plankton, algae, terrestrial plant
but anaerobic or Lacustrine condition.

Ex: Bog head coal, cannel coals.

 CLASSIFICATION OF COAL BASED ON THEIR SOURCE OF GENESIS

https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-macerals.php
 HUMIC COALS

https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-humic.php
 HUMIC COAL: BANDED COALS

durain

vitrain

clarain

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/265/
RP06.pdf;jsessionid=1571E3043F7B355140B952A5BD39CEA5?sequence=1
 SAPROPELIC COAL : NON-BANDED COALS
SAPROPELIC COAL
• Hydrogen –rich coals, derived from sapropels and
characterized by a dull black, sometimes waxy
luster.
• Non-banded
TWO TYPES:
a) CANNEL COAL – brown or black oil shale composed
of resins, spores, waxes and derived from terrestrial Cannel coal
vascular plants together with vitrinite and inertinite.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannel_coal_2_(28405650748).jpg

b) BOGHEAD COAL- It has a high percentage of algal

matter and volatiles.
In combustible properties it resembles cannel coal but
with brown and yellow streak.
Greasy ,dull luster and no laminations. Boghead coal
MICROLITHOTYPES OF HARD COALS
 MICROLITHOTYPES
• Vitrite (microvitrain): >95% vitrinite
• Clarite (microclarain): mixture of vitrinite and exinite, inertinite < 5%
• Collinite: structureless, colloidal
• Tellnite: has structure of woody tissue
• Sporinite: spores, lower reflectivity than vitrite
• Cutinite: from cuticles
• Resinite: from resins and waxes
• Alginites: algal bodies
• Fusinite: have preserved cell wall structure
• Semifusinite: transition between fusinite and vitrinite
• Micrinite: completely structureless, strongly decomposed plant
material
• Durite (microdurain): exinite and macrinite, <5% vitrinite
 VIDEO ON COAL FORMATION

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEa36qNo86E
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8EHHW-3N5Y
END OF LECTURE