INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Prepared by:
Mr. Maverick Rovie S. Lagman
 NETWORK
a system of lines, wires, etc., that are connected to
each other

a system of computers and other devices (such as

printers) that are connected to each other

a group of people or organizations that are closely

connected and that work with each other
 GMA NETWORK
GMA Network (GMA) is a major commercial television & radio network in
the Philippines. GMA Network is owned by GMA Network, Inc. a publicly
listed company. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29, 1961,
GMA Network (formerly known as DZBB TV Channel 7, RBS TV
Channel 7, GMA Radio-Television Arts then GMA Rainbow Satellite
Network) is commonly signified to as the "Kapuso Network" in reference
to the outline of the company’s logo. It has also been called the “Christian
Network” which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of
the new management, which took over in 1974. It is headquartered in the
GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter is located at
Tandang Sora Avenue, Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City. [1]
The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area,
referring to the initial coverage area of the station. As the network
expanded it changed into Global Media Arts. At present the corporate
name is simply GMA Network, Inc. [2]
Contents
 COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data. In computer
networks, networked computing devices (
network nodes) pass data to each other
along data connections. The connections (
network links) between nodes are
established using either cable media or
wireless media. The best-known computer
network is the Internet.
A network is created when two or more
computers are connected — via cables
to a central hub, or through wireless
devices — to share information and
resources.
CATEGORIES
OF NETWORK
 LAN – Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) supplies networking
capability to a group of computers in close proximity to
each other such as in an office building, a school, or a
home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files,
printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn
often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet .
MAN – Metropolitan Area
Network
Metropolitan Area Network - a network
spanning a physical area larger than a LAN
but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A
MAN is typically owned an operated by a
single entity such as a government body or
large corporation.
WAN – Wide Area Network
As the term implies, a WAN spans a large
physical distance. The Internet is the largest
WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a
geographically-dispersed collection of LANs.
A network device called a router connects
LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router
maintains both a LAN address and a WAN
address.
Computer Network Topol
ogies
Bus Network Topology

This diagram illustrates

the bus network
topology. A bus topology
such as 10Base-2 or
10Base-5 Ethernet uses a
single communication
backbone for all devices.
Ring Network Topology

This diagram illustrates

the ring network
topology. A ring
topology such as FDDI
or SONET sends
messages clockwise or
counterclockwise
through the shared link.
Star Network Topology

This diagram illustrates

the star network
topology. A star topology
typically uses a network
hub or switch and is
common in home
networks.
Mesh Network Topology

This diagram illustrates

the mesh network
topology. A mesh
topology provides
redundant
communication paths
between some or all
devices (partial or full
mesh).
Tree Network Topology

This diagram illustrates

the tree network
topology. A tree topology
integrates the star and
bus topologies in a
hybrid approach to
improve network
scalability.
 Networking Cables
are used to connect one network device to other network
devices or to connect two or more computers to share
printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables
like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Pair
cables are used depending on the network's topology,
protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few
meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances
(e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
 Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced '
ko.æks), is a type of cable that has an
inner conductor surrounded by a tubular
insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield. Many coaxial cables
also have an insulating outer sheath or
jacket. The term coaxial comes from the
inner conductor and the outer shield
sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable
was invented by English engineer and
mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who
patented the design in 1880.[1] Coaxial
cable is used as a transmission line
for radio frequency signals. Its
applications include feedlines
connecting radio transmitters and
receivers with their antennas,
computer network (Internet)
connections, and distributing
cable television signals.
 Fiber Optic Cable

A Fiber Optic Cable is a

cable containing one or
more optical fibers. The
optical fiber elements are
typically individually
coated with plastic layers
and contained in a
protective tube suitable
for the environment
where the cable will be
deployed.
Uses of Fiber Optic Cables
Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications. Some
uses of fiber optic cables include:
Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic and SONAR uses, as wiring in aircraft, submarines
and other vehicles and also for field networking
Data Storage
Used for data transmission
Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help increase
the speed and accuracy of data transmission
Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as sensory
devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as wiring in
automobiles and in industrial settings
Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV,
internet, video on-demand and other applications
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable
Utp cable refers to a
certain type of cable that
consists of two
unshielded wires twisted
around each other. These
types of cables are found
in many Ethernet
networks and telephone
systems and they are
used in computer
networks.
 RJ-45 Registered Jack - 45
A type of
modular connect
or
for computer
network
(Ethernet) cables
Networking Medias
 Router
A router is a device that forwards
data packets between
computer networks, creating an
overlay internetwork. A router is
connected to two or more data
lines from different networks.
When a data packet comes in
one of the lines,
.A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to
another through the networks
that constitute the internetwork
until it reaches its destination
node.[1]
 HUB
An Ethernet hub, active hub,
network hub, repeater hub,
multiport repeater or hub is a device
for connecting multiple Ethernet
devices together and making them act
as a single network segment. It has
multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in
which a signal introduced at the input
of any port appears at the output of
every port except the original incoming.
A hub works at the physical layer (layer
1) of the OSI model.[1] The device is a
form of multiport repeater. Repeater
hubs also participate in collision
detection, forwarding a jam signal to all
ports if it detects a collision.
 Switch
A network switch or switching
hub is a
computer networking device
that links network segments or
network devices. The term
commonly refers to a multi-port
network bridge that processes
and routes data at the
data link layer (layer 2) of the
OSI model. Switches that
additionally process data at the
network layer (layer 3) and above
are often called layer-3 switches
or multilayer switches.
UTP Cabling

Crimping Tools
a crossover cable is used to connect two computers, two hubs ,
two routers ect...
a straight through cable is used to connect a computer to a router
a switch or hub.

In the crossover cable the wires linking the pins are crisscrossed,
while in the straight through cable each pin connects to the same
pin on the other side.

it is not possible to link two computers with only a straight

through cable.
 UTP STRAIGHT COLOR CODING

A B

White Orange – Orange White Orange – Orange

White Green – Blue White Green – Blue
White Blue – Green White Blue – Green
White Brown - Brown White Brown - Brown
UTP CROSS OVER COLOR CODING
A B

White Green – Green White Orange – Orange

White Orange – Blue White Green – Blue
White Blue – Orange White Blue – Green
White Brown – Brown White Brown - Brown
In communication networks, a node (Latin
nodus, ‘knot’) is either a connection point, a
redistribution point or a
communication endpoint (some terminal
equipment). The definition of a node depends
on the network and protocol layer referred to.
A physical network node is an active electronic
device that is attached to a network, and is
capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding
information over a communications channel.[1]
A passive distribution point such as a
distribution frame or patch panel is
consequently not a node.
Peer to Peer Networking
A peer-to-peer (P2P)
network is a type of
decentralized and distributed
network architecture in which
individual nodes in the
network (called "peers") act as
both suppliers and consumers
of resources, in contrast to the
centralized client–server
model where client nodes
request access to resources
provided by central servers.
 Client-Server Model
 The client–server model is a
distributed application structure in
computing that partitions tasks or
workloads between the providers of
a resource or service, called servers,
and service requesters, called clients
.[1] Often clients and servers
communicate over a
computer network on separate
hardware, but both client and server
may reside in the same system. A
server is a host that is running one
or more server programs which
share their resources with clients. A
client does not share any of its
resources, but requests a server's
content or service function. Clients
therefore initiate communication
sessions with servers which await
incoming requests.