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Critical Resolved Shear Stress

The document discusses critical resolved shear stress and how it relates to slip in single crystals. It defines critical resolved shear stress as the threshold stress needed for slip to begin on a slip plane in the slip direction. It then provides a formula for calculating the critical resolved shear stress based on orientation and applied load. Finally, it describes the Frank-Read mechanism by which dislocations are generated to enable plastic deformation through the bowing out and multiplication of dislocation segments.

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Lumamba Chiyabi
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206 views31 pages

Critical Resolved Shear Stress

The document discusses critical resolved shear stress and how it relates to slip in single crystals. It defines critical resolved shear stress as the threshold stress needed for slip to begin on a slip plane in the slip direction. It then provides a formula for calculating the critical resolved shear stress based on orientation and applied load. Finally, it describes the Frank-Read mechanism by which dislocations are generated to enable plastic deformation through the bowing out and multiplication of dislocation segments.

Uploaded by

Lumamba Chiyabi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR

STRESS
CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS
• The extent of slip in a single crystal depends on
– the magnitude of the shearing stress produced
by the eternal loads
– the geometry of the crystal structure
– the orientation of the active slip plane with
respect to the shearing stresses.
Slip begins when the shearing stress on the slip
plane in the slip direction reaches a threshold
value called the critical resolved shear stress.
CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS
• Schmid postulated that different tensile loads are required
to produce slip in a single crystal of different orientation
• This can be rationalized by a critical resolved shear stress
• To calculate the critical resolved shear stress it is necessary
to know
• the orientation with respect to the tensile axis of the
plane on which slip first appears
• and the slip direction.
• Consider a cylindrical single crystal with cross
sectional area A.
• The angle between the normal to the slip
plane and the tensile axis is ϕ,
• and the angle which the slip direction makes
with the tensile axis is λ.
CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS
• The area of the slip plane inclined at
the angle ϕ will be A/cosϕ
• the component of the axial load
acting in the slip plane in the slip
direction is Pcosλ. Therefore, the
critical resolved shear stress is given
by τR=Pcosλ/(A/cosϕ)=(P/A)cosϕcosλ.
CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS
• This shear stress is a maximum when ϕ=λ=45o,
so that τR=(1/2)(P/A).
• The resolved shear stress is zero if
– the tension axis is normal to the slip plane (λ=90o)
– it is parallel to the slip plane (ϕ=90o)
Slip will not occur for these extreme orientations since
there is no shear stress on the slip plane. Crystals close
to these orientations tend to fracture rather than slip.
EXAMPLE
• The magnitude of the critical resolved shear stress
is greater than the stress required to move a single
dislocation
• but it is appreciably lower than the stress required
to produce slip in a perfect lattice.
• On the basis of this reasoning, the critical resolved
shear stress should decrease as the density of
defects decreases, provided that the total number
of imperfections is not zero.
• When the last dislocation is eliminated, the critical
resolved shear stress should rise abruptly to the
high value predicted for the shear strength of a
perfect crystal.
Generation of Dislocations
• we first must have some dislocations before
plastic deformation can happen
• If there were no sources generating
dislocations, cold work should decrease rather
than increase the density of dislocations in a
single crystal.
• The fact that cold worked metals have high
dislocation densities indicates that there must
be a mechanisms that generate dislocations in
the first place!
THE FRANK-READ MECHANISM
• Consider a segment of dislocation firmly
anchored at two points
• The force F = b · τ res is shown by a sequence of
arrows.
THE FRANK READ SOURCE
• The dislocation segment responds to the force
by bowing out.
• If the force is large enough, the critical
configuration of a semicircle may be reached.
This requires a maximum shear stress of
• τmax = Gb/R
FRANK READ SOURCE
• If the shear stress is higher than Gb/R, the
radius of curvature is too small to stop further
bowing out.
• The dislocation is unstable and the following
process now proceeds automatically and
quickly.
• Since the two line vectors at the point of
contact have opposite signs
• (or, if you only look at the two parts almost
touching: the Burgers vectors have different
signs for the same line vectors),
• the segments in contact will annihilate each
other.
FRANK READ SOURCE

• The configuration shown is what you have


immediately after contact; it is totally unstable
• It will immediately form a straight segment and a
"nice" dislocation loop which will expand under
the influence of the resolved shear stress.
THE FRANK READ SOURCE
• The regained old segment will immediately start
to go through the whole process again, and
again, and again, as long as the force exists.
• A whole sequence of nested dislocation loops
will be produced.
• The loop is free to move, i.e. grow much larger under the applied
stress.
• It will encounter other dislocations, form knots and become part
of a network.
• The next loop will follow and so on - as long as there is enough
shear stress.
• The process can be repeated over and over again at a single
source each time producing a dislocation loop which produces
slip of one burgers vector along the slip plane.
• The source does not however, continue indefinitely. The back
stresses produced by the dislocation pile up along the slip plane
opposes the applied stresses and when this is equal to the critical
stress Tau is equal to GB/l the source ceases to operate.

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