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Equilibrium

1) The document discusses various mechanical principles related to equilibrium, balance, and stability in the human body. 2) It defines different types of equilibrium including stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium and explains factors that influence balance like height of center of gravity and size of base of support. 3) The relationship between stability, mobility, and flexibility is explored with stability referring to resistance to disturbance, mobility referring to freedom of joint movement, and flexibility referring to range of motion regardless of strength or control.

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Giorgi Popiashvili
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928 views

Equilibrium

1) The document discusses various mechanical principles related to equilibrium, balance, and stability in the human body. 2) It defines different types of equilibrium including stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium and explains factors that influence balance like height of center of gravity and size of base of support. 3) The relationship between stability, mobility, and flexibility is explored with stability referring to resistance to disturbance, mobility referring to freedom of joint movement, and flexibility referring to range of motion regardless of strength or control.

Uploaded by

Giorgi Popiashvili
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECHANICAL

PRINCIPLES

Syeda Amna Iqbal


Lecturer Kinesiology
BSPT, MSPT, DPT
Learning Objectives

• Understand the concept of equilibrium

• Understand different classifications of equilibrium

• Determine the factors influencing balance and stability

• To clarify the Relation of stability to mobility

• To understand the concept of fixation and stabilization

• Clinical applications
Equilibrium
Definition

• Equilibrium results when the forces acting upon a


body are perfectly balanced and the body remains at
rest.
OR
• A state of zero acceleration where there is no change
in the speed or direction of the body
Balance: The ability to control equilibrium
(either static or dynamic)
Equilibrium
• All objects at rest are in
equilibrium
• All forces acting on them are
balanced
• The sum of all linear forces
equals zero
• The sum of all torques equals
zero
In human body, balance system works
through a constant process of position
detection using,
• Inner ear

• Eyes

• Muscles

• Joints

• The brain
• Equilibrium is maintained in response to two kinds of
motion:

1) Static equilibrium maintains the position of the head


in response to linear movements of the body

• For e.g. starting to walk or stopping


• The vestibule is the primary detector of changes in
static equilibrium.
2) Dynamic equilibrium maintains the position of the
head in response to rotational motion

• For e.g. rocking (as in a boat) or turning

• The semicircular canals are the primary detector of


changes in dynamic equilibrium
Causes of balance problems include,

• Medications

• Ear infection

• Head injury

• Anything else that affects the inner ear or brain

• Balance problems increases as you get older


TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM
1) Stable Equilibrium

Definition:
If the object will restore its resting
position even though the force alters
its equilibrium, this is called stable
equilibrium.

Example:
Book placed on the table
• The condition of equilibrium is more stable when :

• BOS is large

• COG is low

• LOG falls near the centre of base.


• The condition of equilibrium is unstable when :

• BOS is small

• COG is high

• LOG falls outside the base.


2) Unstable Equilibrium
Definition:
If the minimum force is enough to
alter the equilibrium of an object,
this is called unstable equilibrium

Example:
Pencil balanced to stand on the floor
3) Neutral Equilibrium
Definition:
Occurs when an object’s COG
remains the same (neither raised
nor lowered) when it is disturbed.

Example:
Ball rolling on the floor or person
moving on wheel chair
Types of Equilibrium

• Static equilibrium:
When the body is at rest or completely motionless

• Dynamic equilibrium:
When all the forces acting on the moving body are in
balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed &
direction.
Equilibrium, Balance & Stability
• Equilibrium is the state of zero
acceleration (static or
dynamic)

• Balance is the ability to


control equilibrium

• Stability is a resistance to the


disturbance of equilibrium
Factors Influencing Balance and stability
1. Height of the center of gravity
2. Location of the center of gravity in relation to the base of
support
3. Size of the base of support
4. Mass of the person
5. Friction
6. Sensory perceptions
General rules of Stability/Balance
• Lower COG = Increased stability

• COG near the centre of BOS = Increased stability

• Increased/widened BOS = Increased stability

• Increased mass = increased stability

• Increased friction = increased stability


Stability VS mobility (inverse relation)
Fixation: is state of immobility.

• It is a mean of preventing movement in joints or localizing


movement to specific joints

• Immobility of joints and bones is usually required after


fractures and joint injuries

e.g. splints, traction, or operative methods (bone grafting


and plating)
Stabilization: is relative immobility.

Areas which are not required to take part in movement


must be stabilized,
• To increase efficiency of movement
• To maintain the balance.

• e.g. By adjustment of position, manual contact of


therapist
Clinical applications

• A therapist should stand with feet apart and knees bent to be in a


stable position to resist the added weight of the patient

• In standing up from sitting, stability can be increased by moving the


feet back and leaning the trunk forward in preparation for standing
Flexibility ,Stability, Mobility

Flexibility is the absolute range of


motion in a joint or system of joints, and
the length of muscle that crosses the
joint involved
• Flexibility directly correlates with
 Range of motion
 Mobility

• But does not directly correlate with strength, balance,


and coordination
Stability:
is defined as the ability to maintain control of joint
movement or position by coordinating actions of
surrounding tissues and the neuromuscular system
• Joint stability depends largely on the
Shape
Size
Arrangement of the articular surfaces
The surrounding ligaments
Tone of the surrounding muscle

• Injuries including ligament tears and sprains can often


lead to stability issues in the joint
• Mobility: The ability to
move joint freely and
easily.

• Mobility within a joint


is the degree to which
the area where two
bones meet (known as
an articulation)
:
• A good level of mobility allows a person to perform
movements without restriction

• While a person with good flexibility may not have the


strength, coordination, or balance to execute the same
movement

• Good flexibility does not always denote good mobility.

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