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Research Methods and Methodologies

This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines the difference between methodology, which is the rationale and lens for analyzing results, and methods, which are the tools used to conduct research, such as interviews, surveys, and experiments. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, along with choosing an appropriate methodology based on the research questions. Key considerations for qualitative and quantitative research are outlined. The stages of the research methodology and ethical concerns are also addressed.

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Edison Lalimarmo
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169 views

Research Methods and Methodologies

This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines the difference between methodology, which is the rationale and lens for analyzing results, and methods, which are the tools used to conduct research, such as interviews, surveys, and experiments. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, along with choosing an appropriate methodology based on the research questions. Key considerations for qualitative and quantitative research are outlined. The stages of the research methodology and ethical concerns are also addressed.

Uploaded by

Edison Lalimarmo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research

Methods and
Methodologies
Today’s Agenda
Overview of the Research/Capstone Project
Difference between methods and methodologies
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Choosing a methodology
Stages of Research Methodology
Ethical considerations in choosing research
design
Overview of Capstone/Research
Project
 The final paper before graduation
 16 weeks to come up with a full blown
research paper/innovation
 50% written works
50% performance tasks
Overview of Capstone/Research
Project
 3rd Quarter – Chapters 1-3
4 Quarter – Chapters 4-5
th

● Research Presentation
How is research
methodology different
from research methods ?
Methodology vs. Methods
Methodolog
y
The rationale behind your
research and the lens through
which you will analyze your
results.
Methodology vs. Methods
Methodolog
y
Some examples
Phenomenology – describes the “lived experiences” or a
phenomenon
Ethnography – looks at a culture and the social norms and
behaviors of a group
Action research – looks at a particular problem and tries
various solutions to address them
Methodology vs. Methods
Method
s
The tools you will use as
researchers to carry out your
research
Methodology vs. Methods
Method
s
Some examples ● Interviews
● Survey Structured/Unstructured
● Questionnaire ● Controlled
● Focus Group Discussion Experiment
● Case Study ● Observations
Methodology is how you will
answer the research questions

Method is what you need to do to


collect the data needed to carry out
your research
Two Major Research Paradigms
Quantitative
Qualitative Research questions
usually
ining contains hypothesis
This is more about ga and try
it is
in-depth insight than to predict the outcom
e
about empirical
n be
generalization that ca
p lied to a p o p u la tio n.
ap
Two Major Research Paradigms
Qualitative

The design of qualitative research is


Naturalistic – looks at real-world situations as
they unfold
Emergent – the researchers are open to adjusting
the research questions and
methods to pursue new lines of inquiry
Two Major Research Paradigms
Quantitative

The design of quantitative research is


Descriptive – How much? How often?
Comparative – What is the difference between?
Relationship-based – What is the relationship
between …?
Quantitative studies are characterized by tools that are carefully
designed before data is collected, larger sample sizes and the ability
to be replicated.
Which method is appropriate for
you?
MORE QUALITATIVE IN NATUREMORE QUANTITATIVE IN NATURE
Interpretivist Paradigm Positivist Paradigm

Focused on meaning Focused on facts/figures

Try to understand Look for causality


what is happening and fundamental laws

Look at the totality Reduce phenomenon to


of each situation simplest elements
Which method is appropriate for
you? QUANTITATIVE IN NATURE
MORE QUALITATIVE IN NATUREMORE
Interpretivist Paradigm Positivist Paradigm

Develop ideas through Formulate hypotheses


induction from the data and test them

Use multiple methods to Operationalize concepts


establish different views so that they can be measured

Small samples investigated Take large samples


in depth over time
Choosing a
Methodolog
y
Choosing a methodolgy starts
with the research questions
Think about your research questions and what information you need to address
them:

Consider the following:


- What kind of data would help you answer
these questions?
- How would you want to present your
results?
Exploratory-Behaviors/Phenomenon
Qualitative

Correlations, comparisons, relationhips,


or trends
Quantitative
Qualitative Research Questions
1. What are the current best practices of student-researchers in
VALMASCI?
2. How does strong parental and teacher support contribute to
VALMASCI students’ success in conducting researches?
3. How do students perceive research writing ?
4. What role does the school administration play in the overall
culture of research writing in VALMASCI?
Quantitative Research Questions
Descriptive: How often do students use optional academic
support services?
Comparative: How do male and female students differ in
terms of academic performance?
Relationship-based: What is the relationship between
students’ self-reported beliefs and their actual classroom
practices in relation to academic performance?
Example of Qualitative Methods
Individual face-to-face interviews of participants
Moderate: 30 minutes
In-depth: 45-minutes – 1 hour
Structured, semi-structured and unstructured

Focus Group Discussion – 1-2 hours


Example of Qualitative Methods

A Case Study

Observation

Textual Analysis
What to consider in choosing Qualitative Approach

Do you feel confident conducting interviews or focus groups?


Do you recognize your role as researcher?

- Equipment failure
- Permit to (audio/video) record the interview
- Consider the environment (Distraction-free as possible)
- Transcription errors (manually)
- Transcription takes time
colloquialism, jargon or slang
What to consider in choosing Quantitative Approach
How many responses will you need to conduct your survey?
Do you feel confident carrying out statistical analysis?
Will you be able to access statistical tool or software?

Not asking enough people: too few participants make it difficult to


produce statistically significant findings
Treat data like validated statistics: numerical data needs to be interpreted
and verified to be meaningful
Using open-ended question: these are difficult to quantify
Poorly designed survey: be sure that your questions are clear, free of
biased or confusing language , and account for all
possible answers.
Ethical considerations of your research
design
1. Participant’s vulnerability
2. The Nature of the topic
3. Consent
4. Confidentiality and anonymity
5. Method of collecting data
6. Researcher vulnerability
Summary of points
The goal is to make sense of your
data and to relate it back to your
research questions and how it
addresses the gap in the literature.
Summary of points

Be flexible in how you


gather your data and in
how you interpret and
analyze them.
Summary of points

Check that you will be able to


obtain permission to access
the data to use the findings
freely.
Summary of points

Check that the analysis


hasn’t been reported
elsewhere.
Summary of points

Remember that you cannot


collect data without approval.
Summary of points
You will likely end up with more data
than you need and you know what to do
with.
Avoid the temptation to just write them
all down - your analysis is crucial.
Summary of points

If possible, update the


participants of the results
and analysis of your
research.

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