Wireless Mobile Networks(CSE5309)

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION

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 Main topics
 Introduction to Wireless mobile networks
 Generation of Wireless Systems
 PCS Architecture
 Cellular Telephony

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 Introduction
 Definition of wireless network :
 A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data
connections between network nodes.
 It is Un-tethered, no physical wire attachment
 It is a communication over wireless link
 Cellular network: telephone system that uses a number of short-range
radio stations to cover the area that it serves.
 The signal being automatically switched from one station to other as
user travel.
 Definition of mobility:
 Mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment
to network.
 user mobility: users communicate anytime, anywhere, with anyone
 Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network.
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 Introduction …
 Wireless mobile network: The art of connecting
mobile devices to the network with out having a physical
connection between devices.
 The need for mobility creates the need for integration of
wireless networks into existing fixed network
environments:
 Local area networks: standardization of IEEE
802.11b/g/a
 Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
 wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of 3G and IP

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Evolution of mobile radio communication
Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in
1896
 Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
 Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
Communications satellites launched in 1960s
Advances in wireless technology
Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication
satellites
More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular
technology

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 Wireless vs. Mobile
Wireless ≠ Mobile 
Wireless systems (Nomadic systems)
WiFi
Bluetooth
Zigbee
Fixed WiMAX

Mobile wireless systems

Cellular systems (2G, 3G)
WiBro / mobile WiMAX
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 Evolution of Mobile Communication..
 1G (1st Generation) -1980s
Analog cellular telephones
Based on FDMA
Provide only voice service
Use cellular technology like AMPS,TACS
Drawback: Exposed to noisy and not include security issue
 2G (second generation)-1990
Digital cellular telephones
Contain two track first use FDMA+TDMA while second use CDMA
Provide higher secure voice call +SMS and Limit mobile data service
Digital modulation
Data compression
Error control
Soft handoff(make-before-break)
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 Evolution of Mobile Communication..
Contain three systems
IS 136 TDMA (1994~) add digital control channel to dual
mode standard
GSM (1991)
IS-95 CDMA (1996) (The first commercial CDMA system was
launched in Korea)
800-900MHz  , 1.7-1.9GHz (PCS)  
2G services are frequently referred as Personal
Communications Service
Dis advantages: Network were circuit switched
:Not design for providing efficient data service

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 Evolution of Mobile Communication…
3G standard groups divided
Enhanced based on CDMA
Multimedia
WCDMA/FDD (1998) -> 3GPP Release 7
IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) 2000
Meaning of 2000: global roaming around 2GHz
Finalized its standard: 3GPP Release 7
Provide peak down load speed 2Mbps average data rate
384Kbps
Circuit switching for voice/SMS and packet switching for data
services.
3GPP (3rd generation partnership project)
European, Korean, Japanese service providers
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)- WCDMA,
2GHz (bandwidth 5MHz)
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 Evolution of Mobile Communication…
Allow up link and downlink at the same time but at different
frequency.
3GPP systems
GSM
WCDMA / FDD
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) support up
to 42Mbps
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) support
11.5Mbps
LTE
 3.5G
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), 3GPP
HSDPA, HSUPA
WiBro, Mobile WiMAX
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OFDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communication…
4G –enabled by LTE technology
Support both packet switch and circuit switch
Realizable mobile broad band
IMT-Advanced
Full IP-based packet switching
Data rates: 1Gbps (downlink), 500Mbps (UL)
Max. spectral efficiency: 30bps/Hz (DL),
LTE Advanced by 3GPP
OFDMA
802.16m (next generation WiMAX)
5G:Enabled by technology called new radio based on OFDMA
 Enhance mobile broad band (EMBB)
 Ultra- reliable low latency communication(ULLC)
 Massive machine Type communication(MMTC)

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 Circuit Switching and packet switched communication

Circuit Switching
uses a dedicated path between
two stations
can be inefficient
channel capacity dedicated for
duration of connection.
if no data, capacity wasted
set up (connection) takes time
once connected, transfer is
transparent

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 Packet Switching
line efficiency
single link shared by
many packets over time
packets queued and
transmitted as fast as
possible
data rate conversion
stations connects to
local node at own speed
nodes buffer data if
required to equalize
rates
packets accepted even
when network is busy
priorities can be used
100 Mb/s
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 Generalized mobile network generation

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 Trends in Cellular Radio+Personal Commummication
1. Personal Communication Services (PCS) or PCN.
 voice + data(PDA)
 wireless internet services
2. Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication
3. Indoor Wireless Networking
•WLAN
•Hyper LAN
•Bluetooth(PAN)
3. Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System
(FPLMTS)---A worldwide Standard
•3G, 4G
•Software-defined Radio
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 Personal Communication Services (PCS) or PCN
 PCN refers to a wide variety of Wireless access and personal
mobility service provided through a small terminal,
 The goal is to enable communications at any time at any place and
any form.
 Business opportunities for such services are tremendous.
 Several PCS systems have been developed to meet rapid growth
prompted by heavy market demand.
 Traditionally, various PCS systems were connected to the Public
Switched Telephony System (PSTN) and driven by telephony
standards (and at the rate of change of telephony standards).
 Today, these systems are increasingly connected to the internet and
driven by the internet standards & change at internet speeds.
 Examples include High tier digital cellular systems(Mobile
18 phone systems) for wide spread vehicular and pedestrian services.
Thursday, August 25, 2022
 Trends Cont’d…
High tier digital cellular systems
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)
IS-136 TDMA based Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
Service(DAMPS).
Personal Digital Cellular(PDC)
IS-95 CDMA based cdma One system.
Low tier telecommunication systems standards for residential,
business and public cordless access systems.
Cordless telephone 2(CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone(DECT)
Personal Access Communication Systems(PACS).
Personal Handy phone system(PHS).

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 PCS Architecture

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 PCS Architecture…
PCS technology have grown rapidly in the
telecommunication industry.
Two most popular are:
Cellular Telephony and Cordless and Low-Tier PCS
Telephony.
These Technologies have similar architectures as shown
in the above figure.
This Basic architecture consists of two parts, namely
Radio Network and Wire line Transport Network.

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 PCS Architecture…
 Each PCS technology has similar Architectures which consists
two parts:
 Radio Network
 MS (Mobile Station)
 BS (Base Station) System
 Wireline Transport Network
 MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
 The Mobility Database connected to MSC is used to track
the locations of mobile station.
 Mobile Station (MS):Examples:
 Hand set, mobile phone, subscriber unit,
portable Multi-mode handset

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 PCS Architecture…
 Base Station (BS)
 The radio coverage of a BS is called a Cell.
 The BS system is partitioned into
 A controller
 Radio transmitters/receivers
 The BSs usually reach the wire line core network via land links
or dedicated microwave Links.
Wireline Transport Network.
 The Mobile switching center (MSC) connected to the Base station is a
special switch tailored to mobile applications.
 The MSC is connected to the PSTN to provide a service between the
PCS users and the Wireline users.
 The MSC also communicates with mobility databases to track the
24 locations of the mobile stations. Thursday, August 25, 2022
 Cellular Telephony
 It is a type of short-wave analog or digital telecommunication in
which a subscriber has a wireless connection from a mobile
phone to a relatively nearby transmitter.
 As the cellular telephone user moves from one cell or area of
coverage to another, the telephone is effectively passed on to the
local cell transmitter.
 The aim of cellular phone is to provide telephone services to
subscribers while in motion
 The Four popular telephony networks :
 AMPS,(advanced mobile phone service)
 GSM
 DAMPS(IS-136)(digital advanced mobile phone service),and
 CDMA(IS-95).
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 Cellular Telephony…
Advanced Mobile phone Service(AMPS).
It is the first cellular system developed during 1970 in Bell
laboratories, and first generation analog cellular system.
Based on FDMA technology for radio communications,
AMPS was designed as a high capacity system based on frequency
reuse system.
Features of AMPS
 Analog FM radio for voice transmission
 FSK modulation for signal channels
 Total 50 MHz=824-849 MHz(down-link) +869-894 MHz(up-link)
 832 full-duplex channels using 1664 discrete frequencies
 FDMA, FDD
 30kMHz spacing

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 Cellular Telephony…
 Frequency reuse scheme for radio communication
 12-cell cluster using Omni-directional antennas
 7-cell cluster using three sectors per BS
 4-cell cluster, 6-sector design in Motorola AMPS system.
There are about 50 channels per cell.
 EIA/TIA IS-41 standard for roaming management.
 However Digital Networks are replacing AMPS because
the digital technology can cope with higher user densities
and offer lower costs.

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 Cellular Telephony…
Global system for Mobile Communications.
GSM is a digital cellular system developed by group special
mobile of conference European des posts et
Telecommunications(CEPT) and its Successor European
Telecommunications Standard Institute(ETSI).
Features of GSM.
TDMA/FDD
 935-960 MHz for Downlink
 890-915 MHz for Uplink
 200 kHz for RF channel spacing
 Speech coding rate 13 Kbps .

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 Cellular Telephony…
 Frequency carrier is divided into 8 time slots
 Every pair of radio transceiver-receiver supports 8 voice
channels.
 GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) for roaming
management.
 Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging, group
addressing, call waiting, multiparty services.

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 Cellular Telephony…
EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System.
It is also referred to as digital AMPS(DAMPS),American Digital
Cellular(ADC),or North American TDMA(NA-TDMA),IS-136,the
successor of IS-54.
It supports a TDMA air interface similar to that of GSM and is thus
considered as evolutionary technology.
Features of EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System.
2 types of channel usage:
Full-rate: use 2 timeslot for a voice channel
Half-rate: use 1 timeslot for a voice channel
 Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging,
broadcast messaging, group addressing, private user groups
 IS-41 standard for mobility management
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 Cellular Telephony…
Cellular Characteristics
 The characteristics of the cellular system:
 Support high mobility
Large coverage area
 High transmission power of BS and handset
 High signal process power (for handset)
 Low voice quality
 High network complexity
 Microcell is developed for:
 Low transmission power
 Low base station cost
 Increase capacity

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 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
 It is handset is portable but able to be used like landline phone
communication, only it operates by radio frequency
transmission and not a physical insulated wire, or telephone line
 The range is limited, usually to the same building or some short
distance from the base station.
 A cordless telephone differs from a mobile telephone by the
limited range and by the base station on the subscriber premises.
Examples of Cordless Telephony and PCS
 Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2)
 Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)
 Personal Access Communications System (PACS).

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 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier
PCS…
Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2)
Developed in Europe since 1989.
 40 FDMA channels, 32-Kbps speech coding rate,
TDD(Time Division Duplexing)
 The maximum transmit power of a CT2 handset is 10 mW.
No handoff in CT2
 No call delivery in CT2
 In CT2+, both handoff and call delivery are OK.

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 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Published in 1992
 TDMA/TDD
 12 voice channels per frequency carrier
 Sleep mode is employed in DECT to conserve the power of handsets.
 32 Kbps speech coding rate
DECT is typically implemented as a wireless PBX
connected to the PSTN.
 Dynamic channel allocation
 Time slot transfer
 Seamless handoff
 Dual mode: DECT + GSM

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 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)
 Developed by Research and Development Center (RCR), Japan 1993
Telecommunication services for homes, offices, and outdoor environment.
 TDMA/TDD
 4 multiplexed channels/frequency carrier
 1895-1906.1 MHz = 300 KHz x 37 channels (home/office)
 1906.1-1918.1 MHz = 300 KHz x 40 channels (Public System)
BS: 500 mW; handset < 10mW
 32 Kbps speech coding rate
 Dynamic channel allocation.
 Dedicated control channels
Dual mode: PHS + GSM

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 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Personal Access Communications System (PACS)
 Developed at Tel cardia, U.S.A.
 PACS is designed for wireless local loop and 54 PCS.
 TDMA
 8 voice channels/frequency carrier
 Both TDD and FDD are accommodated.
 The highly effective and reliable mobile- controlled handoff
(MCHO) completes in less than 20 msec.

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 Characteristics of Cellular and Cordless and Low-Tier
PCS Technologies

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 Thank
You for Your
Attention

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