Reactions of Ions and Molecules in

Aqueous Solutions

Muhamad Allan Serunting

Brady & Senese 6th Ed.

1
Link to Sections
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water
4.3. Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special propert
ies
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted
4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentratio
n
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry
4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution sto
ichiometry 2
Solutions
• solution –a homogeneous mixture in which the
two or more components mix freely
• solvent - the component present in the largest
amount
• solute – the substance dissolved in the solvent.
The solution is named by the solute.
• concentration - a solute-to-solvent ratio
describing the composition of the mixture
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 3
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 4
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 5
Relative concentration terms

The dilute solution

on the left has less
solute per unit
volume than the
(more)
concentrated
solution on the
right
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 6
Solubility
• solubility - the amount of solute that can dissolve in
the specified amount of solvent at a given temperature
(usually g solute/ 100 g solvent or moles solute/L
solution)
• saturated –no more solute can be dissolved at the
current temperature in the given amount of solvent
• unsaturated - contains less solute than the solubility
allows
• supersaturated- contains more solute than solubility
predicts
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 7
Your turn!
The solubility of NaCl is 39.0 g / 100 g water at
100 ºC. If 10.0 g are dissolved in 50.0 g water at this
temperature, the solution is:
A. saturated
B. unsaturated
C. supersaturated
D. none of these
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 8
Supersaturated solutions are unstable
• Most solid solutes are more soluble at higher
temperatures.
• Careful cooling of saturated solutions may result
in a supersaturated solution
• often form a precipitate (ppt.)

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 9

2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3(aq)

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 10

Ionic compounds in water
• Water molecules arrange themselves around the
ions and dissociate them from the lattice.
• The separated ions are “hydrated” and conduct
electrical current (act as electrolytes)
• Polyatomic ions remain intact in the dissociation
process.

4.2 Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity When Dissolved in Water 11

Molecular compounds in water
• The solute particles are surrounded by the water,
but the molecules are not dissociated

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 12

Electrical conductivity
• Strong electrolyte – aqueous solution that
conducts electricity because solute is 100%
dissociated into ions
• Weak electrolyte –aqueous solution that weakly
conducts electricity due to low ionization
• Non-electrolyte – an aqueous solution that doesn’t
conduct electricity because solute does not
dissociate into ions
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 13
Ionic equations show dissociated ions
• hydrated ions, with the symbol (aq), are written
separately
• Na2SO4(s) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
• you might encounter the equation as:
• Na2SO4(s) → 2Na+ + SO42-
 Accepted because only 2 states allow for dissociated ions
(plasma and aqueous). Aqueous is far more common
 It is vague and not preferred
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 14
Learning check
Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation of the
following:
3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
• Na3PO4(aq)→ 2Al3+ + 3SO 2- (aq) 4 (aq)
• Al2(SO4)3(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2MnO4-(aq)
• CaCl2(aq) →
• Ca(MnO4)2(aq) →

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 15

Your turn!
Which of the following would not be expected to
produce Cl-(aq) when dissolved?
A. PCl3(aq)
B. NaCl(aq)
C. HCl(aq)
D. none of the above
E. all produce Cl-(aq)
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 16
Your turn!
How many ions form on the dissociation of Na3PO4?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of the above
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 17
Your turn!
How many ions form on the dissociation of
Al2(SO4)3?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of the above
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 18
Writing chemical equations
• Molecular equation:
 Balanced, shows states, all substances electrically neutral
 AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) →AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
• Ionic equation:
 Balanced, shows states, shows strong electrolytes as dissociated ions, net charges
balance
 Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
• Net ionic equation:
 Balanced, shows states, eliminates spectator ions from the ionic equation, net charges
balance
 Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s)
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 19
Writing ionic equations
Since strong electrolytes exist as dissociated ions in
solution, we can show this in an equation.
1. identify the strong electrolytes
2. distinguish counting subscripts (those present only to
make charges cancel) from characteristic subscripts--
counting subscripts become multipliers
3. separate the ions in the strong electrolytes
4. show the states as recorded in the molecular equations
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 20
Learning check:
• Write the ionic equations for each:
• BaCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)→PbCl2(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
• Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) →PbCl2(s) +
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
• Na2CO3(aq) +CaCl2(aq) →CaCO3(s) +2NaCl(aq)
• 2Na+(aq) + 2CO32-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → CaCO3(s) +
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 21
Writing net ionic equations
• Show only those ions that were changed by the
process
• Omits spectator ions:
 When we compare the reactant to product, spectator
ions are those ions that are not changed in any way

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 22

Learning check:
• Write the following as net ionic equations:
• Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) →PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s)

• Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl-(aq)
Ba2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)

• 2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl2Cl
-
(aq) +
- Hg22+(aq) + 2NO
+ Hg 2+ 3 (aq)
-
→→Hg
2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + Hg2Cl2(s)
Cl
(aq) 2 (aq) 2 2(s)

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 23

Your turn!
Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) →2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Which is the correct total ionic equation?
A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) + Ba2+(s) +
SO42-(s)
D. None of these

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 24

The Arrhenius definition of acids
• An acid is a substance that ionizes in a reaction with
water to form the hydronium ion, H3O+
• Strong acids are 100% ionized when dissolved, whereas
weak acids are far less efficiently ionized

HCl( g )  H 2 O(l)  H 3O  ( aq )  Cl - ( aq ) (strong)

-
HC2H3O2(aq)  H 2 O(l) H 3O  ( aq )  C2H3O2 (weak)
(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 25

What is H(aq)+?
• It is common to encounter the hydrogen ion (H+)
instead of the hydronium ion
• The previous ionization is,HforOsimplicity,

also -
written as: HCl (g)   
2
 H (aq)  Cl (aq)

H+ does not ever exist in aqueous solution- it is

always attached to a water molecule as the hydronium
ion
4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 26
Nonmetal oxides can be acids
• Nonmetal oxides, or “acidic anhydrides” react
with water to form acid solutions
• SO2(g) + H2O(l) →H2SO3(aq)
• CO2(g) + H2O(l) →H2CO3(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 27

Arrhenius bases
• Base- substance that produces hydroxide ions in
water
• Molecular bases undergo an ionization
(hydrolysis) reaction to form the hydroxide ions,
and are weak bases
• Many N-compounds are molecular bases
 B(aq) + H2O(l) HB+(aq) + OH-(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 28

Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases
• Metal hydroxide solutions dissociate into metal
and hydroxide ions and are strong bases.
• NaOH(s)→Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
• Soluble metal oxides “basic anhydrides” react
with water to form metal hydroxides that are
strong bases
• CaO(s) +H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 29

Strong vs. weak
• Some acids ionize 100% in water, and are termed
“strong acids” and are also “strong electrolytes”
 HCl, HClO4, HNO3, HBr, HI, H2SO4
• The very soluble metal hydroxides are strong
electrolytes and “strong bases”.
 Ia hydroxides and Ca, Ba, and Sr hydroxides.

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 30

Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 31

Naming binary acids (aqueous)
• prefix hydro- + nonmetal stem + the suffix –ic, followed by the word acid
• Stem is first syllable of element name. i.e. Chlorine
• P and S stems use 2 syllables phosphorus, sulfur
• the name of the (aq) form differs from other states due to the ionization that
occurs in water

Molecular compound Aqueous Binary Acid

HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 32

Your turn!
Which of the following is not named as an
hydro___ic acid?
A. HCl
B. H2S
C. HNO3
D. HF
E. all are named in this way
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 33
 Oxoacids (aqueous)
• named according to the anion suffix
 anion ends in -ite, the acid name is -ous acid
 ends in -ate, the acid name is -ic acid
-ate anion acids -ite anion acids

HNO3(aq) nitric acid HClO2(aq) chlorous acid

H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid H2PO3(aq) phosphorous acid

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 34

Learning check:
Name each aqueous acid
• HNO2 • nitrous acid
• HCN • hydrocyanic acid
• HClO4 • perchloric acid
• HF • hydrofluoric acid
• HMnO4 • permanganic acid
• H2CO3 • carbonic acid
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 35
Your turn!
Which of the following is the correct name for
HClO4(aq)?
A. chloric acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. perchloric acid
D. none of the above

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 36

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 37
Your turn!
Which of the following is the correct name for
H2SO3(aq)?
A. sulfuric acid
B. sulfurous acid
C. hydrosulfuric acid
D. none of the above

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 38

Acid salts
• polyprotic acids can be partially neutralized to form
acid salts
• acidic salt- contains an anion that is capable of
furnishing additional hydrogen ions
• The number of hydrogen atoms that can still be
NaHSO
neutralized
4 issodium hydrogen
also indicated sulfate
in the name
Na 2 HPO 4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH 2 PO 4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 39
A reaction will exist if…
• A precipitate (insoluble product) forms from
soluble reactants
• An acid reacts with a base
• A weak electrolyte product is formed from strong
electrolyte reactants
• A gas is formed from a mixture of reactions

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 40

Metathesis (double replacement) reactions
• AB + CD → AD + CB
• Cations change partners
• Charges on each ion don’t change
• Formulas of the products are determined by the
charges of the reactant ions
• Metathesis reactions occur only if they form a
weak electrolyte or non-electrolyte as a product
(otherwise, all ions are spectator ions)
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 41
Predicting metathesis reactions
• Identify the ions involved:
 Do not confuse counting subscripts (those present only
to make charges cancel) with those that are
characteristic of a polyatomic ion
• Swap partners and make neutral with appropriate
subscripts
• Assign states using solubility rules counting subscript
• Balance the (aq)
2 HCl equation
+ Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq)+ 2H2O (l)
ions: H+, Cl-Ca2+ , OH-

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 42

Solubility rules: soluble compounds
A general idea as to whether a fair amount of solid will dissolve is achieved
using solubility rules

1. All compounds of the alkali metals (Group IA)

2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3−, ClO4−, ClO3−, and
C2H3O2−
3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides (salts
containing Cl−, Br−, or I−) except when combined
with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 43
Solubility rules: insoluble compounds
5.  All metal hydroxides (ionic compounds containing
OH−) and all metal oxides (ionic compounds
containing O2−) are insoluble except those of Group
IA and of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+
When metal oxides dissolve, they react with water to form
hydroxides. The oxide ion, O2−, does not exist in water.
For example, Na2O(s) +H2O(l)→ 2NaOH(aq)

6. All salts that contain PO43−, CO32−, SO32−, and S2− are
insoluble, except those of Group IA and NH +.
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 44
Learning check:
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?

Ca(C2H3O2)2 Yes
FeCO3 No

AgCl No

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 45

 Learning Check:
Predict the products of the following:
• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
BaCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)
• BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) →
NaNO3(aq) + (Hg2)3(PO4) 2(s)
• Na3PO4(aq) + Hg2(NO3)2(aq) →
CaCl2(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
• NaCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) → NR (No reaction)

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 46

Your turn!
Which of the following will be the solid product of
the reaction of Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) →?
A. CaCO3
B. NaNO3
C. Na(NO3)2
D. Na2(NO3)2
E. None of the above
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 47
Predicting acid-base reactions
• Neutralization: metathesis reaction in which acid
+ metal hydroxide or metal oxide forms water and
salt
 NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) →H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
• Acid-base reaction: reaction of weak base and
acid transferring a H+ ion, driven by the formation
of a weaker acid.
 HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) →NH4Cl(aq)
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 48
 Learning check
Determine the molecular, total ionic and net ionic equations
• Molecular Equation
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)
• Total Ionic Equation (TIE)
2H+(aq)+2Cl-(aq) + Ca2+ (aq) +2OH- (aq) →2H
2 O(l) + Ca 2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq)

• Net Ionic Equation

H+ (NIE)
+ OH- H2O(l)
(aq) (aq) →
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 49
Your turn!
Which of the following is not a product of the
reaction: NH3(aq) +HCN(aq) →?
A. NH3CN(aq)
B. NH4+(aq)
C. CN-(aq)
D. None of the above

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 50

Your turn!
Which is the net ionic equation for the reaction:
NaOH(aq) + HF(aq)→?
A. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + F-(aq) →H2O(l) + NaF(aq)
B. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) →H2O(l)
C. OH-(aq) + HF(aq) →H2O(l) + F-(aq)
D. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + HF(aq) →H2O(l) + NaF(aq)
E. None of the above
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 51
Metathesis and gas formation
• If the product of a metathesis reaction is one of the
following, formation of a gas is a driving force.
• Gases formed by metathesis: H2S, HCN
• Unstable compounds that decompose and form a
gas:
 H2CO3 (H2O & CO2(g))
 NH4OH (H2O & NH3(g))
 H2SO3 (H2O & SO2(g))
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 52
Metathesis overview
• Precipitation: 2 solutions form solid product
• Neutralization: acid + metal hydroxide or oxide
form water and a salt
• Gas-forming: metathesis reaction forms one of
these products:
 HCN, H2S, H2CO3(aq), H2SO3(aq), NH4OH(aq)
• Check for a driving force: formation of weak
electrolyte or non-electrolyte
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 53
Your turn!
Which of the following combinations will not react?
A. Na2CO3 (aq) + HCl(aq)
B. Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)
C. NaCl(aq) + H2C3O2(aq)
D. None of these
E. All of these

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 54

Molar concentrations
• In solutions, solutes are dispersed in a larger
volume
• Molarity expresses the relationship between the
moles of solute and the volume of the solution
• Molarity (M)=moles solute/L solution
 Hence, a 6.0M solution of HCl contains 6.0 mole HCl
in a liter of solution

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 55

Learning check:
• What is the molarity of a solution created by
dissolving 10.2g KNO3 in enough water to make
350

mLmol
 0.10089 solution?
KNO  3
  M KNO
0.29 M
3
 0.350 L soln 

• 2What mass
.533  10 L  of KNO3 are found
 2

L soln
   in 25.33 mL 
 0.0500 mol KNO   101.1033g KNO 
3

mol KNO
3

    3

of .0500M KNO3 solution?

0.128 g
MM KNO3 = 101.1033 g/mol
4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 56
Your turn!
If 10.0 g NaCl (58.443 g/mol) are dissolved in 75.0
mL. What is the molarity?
A. 0.133 M
B. 2.28 M
C. 7.5 M
D. 0.00228M
E. None of the above
4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 57
Dilution
• Adding solvent to a solution creates a
less concentrated solution
• moles of solute do not change, hence
CstockVstock= CnewVnew
 C=concentration
 V=volume
• Using volumetric glassware ensures
that the volumes are known precisely

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 58

Dilution allows molecules more room
• Adding solvent does not change how many moles of
solute are present
• The total volume does change
• The concentration of the solution is decreased while
the actual amount of solute is unchanged

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 59

Dilution of K2Cr2O7

• A volumetric pipette is used to transfer the stock

solution
• A volumetric flask is used to receive the final
solution

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 60

Learning Check
• What volume of 12.1M HCl are needed to create
250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
Vstock  12.1 M  250. mL  3.2M 66 mL

• 25 mL of 6 M HCl are diluted to 500 mL with

water. What is the molarity
25 mL  6 M  500 mL  Vnew
of the resulting
0.3 M
solution?

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 61

Your Turn!
When 20.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl are added to 15.00
mL of water, what is the resulting concentration?
A. 1.77 M
B. 4.15 M
C. 1.33 M
D. None of these

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 62

Solution stoichiometry
• A balanced equation is needed to start any
stoichiometry problem
• If we are given starting quantities of more than
one reactant, must determine the limiting reagent
• The difference arises in how we calculate moles of
reacting substance

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 63

 Solution stoichiometry

• What volume of 2M HCl is needed to react 25.2 g Na2CO3

(MM=105.9887)
25.2 g N a C O
completely?
1 mol N a C O 2 mol HC l L
2 3 2 3
    0.238 L
1 105.9887g 1 mol N a2 C O 3 2 mol HC l

• How many moles of BaSO4 will form if 20.0 mL of 0.600 M

BaCl is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.500 M MgSO4?
0.02002L 0.600 mol BaCl 1 mol BaSO
2 4
  0.0120 mol BaSO4
• BaCl
1
0.03002(aq)
+ MgSO
L
L 0.500 mol 4(aq)
→BaSO
1 mol BaCl2
MgSO4 1 mol4(s)
BaSO4 2(aq) + MgCl
0.0120 mol
   0.0150 mol BaSO4
1 L 1 mol MgSO4
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 64
Your turn!
What mass of Na2CO3 (MM=105.9887) can be
neutralized with 25.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl?
A. 53.0 g
B. 1.65(102) g
C. 8.24 g
D. 4.12 g
E. None of these
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 65
Ion Concentrations
• The chemical formula for a strong electrolyte
relates the moles of ions that will be released on
dissociation to the chemical formula
• Thus, the formula can be used to relate the ion
concentration to the solution concentration
• Learning check: What is the concentration of Cl-
0.600 mol BaCl2 2mol Cl
in 0.600LMsoln
BaCl2? 1mol BaCl  1.20 M Cl 
x
2

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 66

Learning check:
What volume of solution containing 0.5M Ag+ will be required to
react 100.0mL of 0.0075M Cl-?
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s)
moles 0.0075M*0.100L=7.5×10-4 mol Cl-
stoichiometry: 7.5×10-4mol Cl- ×(1molAg+ / 1 mol Cl-)
 L soln 
7.5  10  4mol * 
 0.5 mol Ag 

 

1.5×10-3 L = 2 mL
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 67
Titration
• Is the controlled addition of one reactant
(titrant) to a known quantity of another (titrate)
until the reaction is complete
• Often, an indicator is used to .signal the reaction
completion
• Endpoint: the volume of titrant required to
complete the reaction

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 68

Titration in practice:

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 69

Solving titration problems
• Write the balanced equation
• Calculate the moles of the known component
 M ×L = moles or mass/MM=moles
• Use stoichiometry to determine moles of the
unknown
• Convert moles to desired quantity

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 70

Path for working titration problems

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 71

Learning Check:
• 25.00 mL of HCl are titrated with 75.00 mL of 1.30M
Ca(OH)2. What is the concentration of HCl?
2HCl(aq)
• 0.07500 L +1.30

Ca(OH) 2(aq)→CaCl
mol Ca(OH)

mol +
2 2(aq) 2H2O(l)
HCl 2 1

1 L 1 mol Ca(OH)2 0.02500L

7.80 M HCl

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 72

Learning Check:
A sample of metal ore is reacted according to the
following reaction: Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + H2(g). If
25.00 mL of 2.3M HCl are used, what mass of Fe was
in the ore?

0.02500 L 2.3 mol HCl 1 mol H  1 mol Fe 55.845 g

     1.6g
1 L 1 mol HCl 2 mol H  mol Fe

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 73

Your Turn!
The CO32- content of rock is determined by titration with acid according
to the reaction :
CO32- + 2H+ →.CO2(g)_+H2O(l)
If 12.50 mL of 3.5 M H2SO4 are required to titrate the carbonate in the
rock, what mass of CaCO3 (MM=100.089) is present in the sample?
A. 4.38 g
B. 0.0428 g
C. 9.76 g
D. none of these

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 74

Stoikiometri Reaksi Reduksi Oksidasi
• Reaksi redoks (Reduksi-Oksidasi) adalah reaksi yang melibatkan
pertukaran electron
• Reaksi oksidasi  melepas electron
• Misal :
Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+(aq) + e-
Ag(s)  Ag2+ (aq) + e-
• Reaksi reduksi  menangkap electron
Misal :
Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
2H+ (aq)  H2(aq)
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 75
Reduksi : Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
Oksidasi : Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 76

Bilangan Oksidasi

Untuk dapat menelusuri electron-elektron yang

terlibat dalam reaksi redoks, maka perlu dituliskan
bilangan oksidasi pada reaktan maupun produk.
Bilangan oksidasi merujuk pada jumlah muatan yang
dimiliki suatu atom dalam molekul (senyawa ionic)
jika electron-elektronnya berpindah.

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 77

SOAL- SOAL
1. Berapa gram aluminium sulfida padat dapat dibuat
dengan mereaksikan 10,0 g aluminium dan 15,0 g
sulfur? Berapa gram reaktan yang berlebih?

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 78

2. Gas butana (C4H10) digunakan sebagai bahan
bakar dalam korek api sekali pakai. Gas ini dengan
oksigen terbakar membentuk gas karbon dioksida
dan uap air. Berapa massa karbon dioksida yang
dihasilkan ketika 4,65 g butana dibakar dalam 10,0 g
oksigen? Berapa gram kelebihan reaktan tetap tidak
bereaksi ketika reaksi selesai?

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 79

3. Marmer (kalsium karbonat) bereaksi dengan
larutan asam klorida untuk membentuk larutan
kalsium klorida, air, dan karbon dioksida. Hitung
persen hasil karbon dioksida jika 3,65 g gas dapatl
dikumpulkan ketika 10,0 g marmer bereaksi

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 80

4. Berapakah molaritas ion aluminium dalam larutan
yang mengandung 1,25 mol aluminium sulfat di
dalam 875 mL larutannya?

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 81