Paraphrase with synonyms

Engleski jezik struke II

 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
Which of these do you consider to be unacceptable?

1. Change some of the words and sentences in a text, but keep the overall structure of the text and the vocabulary the same as in
the original text.
2. Take some short fixed phrases from several different sources and put them together with some of your own words.
3. Copy a paragraph directly from the source with no changes.
4. Copy a paragraph making only small changes. For example, replace some words with words with similar meanings.
5. Copy out an article from a journal or textbook and submit it as a piece of your own coursework.
6. Cut and paste a paragraph: use the sentences of the original but put one or two in a different order and leave one or two out.
7. Paraphrase a paragraph: rewrite the paragraph but change the language, organisation and detail, and give your own examples.
8. Quote a paragraph by placing it in quotation marks and acknowledge the source.
9. Rewrite a passage from another writer and present it as your own work.
10. Take just one word or phrase from a text because it is very well expressed.
11. Use another author's organisation and way of arguing.
 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?  UNACCPETABLE
 MAYBE ACCEPTABLE
ACCEPTABLE

Which of these do you consider to be unacceptable?

•Change some of the words and sentences in a text, but keep the overall structure of the text and the vocabulary the
same as in the original text.
•Take some short fixed phrases from several different sources and put them together with some of your own words.
•Copy a paragraph directly from the source with no changes.
•Copy a paragraph making only small changes. For example, replace some words with words with similar meanings.
•Copy out an article from a journal or textbook and submit it as a piece of your own coursework.
•Cut and paste a paragraph: use the sentences of the original but put one or two in a different order and leave one or
two out.
•Paraphrase a paragraph: rewrite the paragraph but change the language, organisation and detail, and give your own
examples.
•Quote a paragraph by placing it in quotation marks and acknowledge the source.
•Rewrite a passage from another writer and present it as your own work.
•Take just one word or phrase from a text because it is very well expressed.
•Use another author's organisation and way of arguing.
 MAKE THE RULE
• Change some of the words and sentences in a text, but keep the
overall structure of the text and the vocabulary the same as in the
original text.

• Change some most of the words and sentences in a text, but keep the
overall structure meaning of the text and the vocabulary the same as
in the original text.
 PARAPHRASING

• A paraphrase contains the same idea as the original source text, but is
written in different words with a different sentence structure to
avoid plagiarism.
 STEPS IN PARAPHRASING
1. Read the original text for comprehension.
2. Highlight/underline the key content words ( topic).
a. Separate technical / specialist terms from general vocabulary.
b. Keep the specialist terms.
c. Use a thesaurus to find synonyms or alternative expressions
for the general vocabulary.
GENERAL, ACADEMIC, AND
TECHNICAL VOCABULARY
WHICH VOCABULARY TO KEEP
Do not change every single word (some words are difficult to
paraphrase):

• Specialised vocabulary
• Generic words (e.g. globalisation, Americans, Sun, etc.)
• Specific numbers
• Proper names, including geographical locations
• Specific dates
 STEPS IN PARAPHRASING
1. Read the original text for comprehension.
2. Highlight/underline the key content words ( topic).
a. Separate technical / specialist terms from general vocabulary.
b. Keep the specialist terms.
c. Use a thesaurus to find synonyms or alternative expressions
for the general vocabulary.
3. Highlight / underline the key organisational words (linkers).
a. Look for alternative words or expressions for these.
 WHAT IS A SYNONYM?
• Synonyms are words with similar or the same meaning.

• http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/synonymy

• http://www.synonymy.com/
 PARAPHRASING example 1
MEMORY CAPACITY
Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information.

a) Memory is the facility for storage and recovering data.
[paraphrased sentence - ok]

b) Data recovery and storage are facilitated in the memory. 
[paraphrased sentence - good]
 PARAPHRASING example 2
Nonverbal Behaviour
 Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long
series of experiments on how nonverbal behaviour may reveal real inner states.

a) Paul Ekman, who works at the University of California,

has performed a sequence of investigations on the way nonverbal
behaviour may disclose real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - ok]
b) A Californian university professor, Paul Ekman, investigated non
verbal behaviour to discover a possibility of real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - good] 
 PARAPHRASING example 2
Nonverbal Behaviour
 Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on
how nonverbal behaviour may reveal real inner states.

a) Paul Ekman, who works at the University of California,

has performed a sequence of investigations on the way nonverbal
behaviour may disclose real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - ok]
b) A Californian university professor, Paul Ekman, investigated non
verbal behaviour to discover a possibility of real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - good] 
 PARAPHRASING example 2
Nonverbal Behaviour
Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on
how nonverbal behaviour may reveal real inner states.

a) Paul Ekman, who works at the University of California,

has performed a sequence of investigations on the way nonverbal
behaviour may disclose real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - ok]
b) A Californian university professor, Paul Ekman, investigated non
verbal behaviour to discover a possibility of real internal states. 
[paraphrased sentence - good] 
Paraphrasing – exercises 1
Paraphrasing exercises 2
 COLLOCATIONS

"In any language, certain words combine with certain other words or
grammatical constructions.“

Reference: Benson, M. Benson, E., Ilsen, R.F. (1986). The BBI combinatory dictionary of English: A guide to word combinations. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Collocations
• There are several different types of collocation made from combinations
of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:
• adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
• adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
• noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
• noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
• verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
• verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up
in tears)
• verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)