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Research Slovin's Formula

The document discusses formulas for calculating sample sizes from populations. Slovin's formula is used when limited information is known about the population and non-probability sampling is used. Calmorin's formula is used for populations over 100 where scientific sampling is utilized. It provides examples of calculating sample sizes of 1,905 from a population of 8,000 and 244 from a population of 3,000 using the respective formulas.

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Florame Algarme Melano
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710 views

Research Slovin's Formula

The document discusses formulas for calculating sample sizes from populations. Slovin's formula is used when limited information is known about the population and non-probability sampling is used. Calmorin's formula is used for populations over 100 where scientific sampling is utilized. It provides examples of calculating sample sizes of 1,905 from a population of 8,000 and 244 from a population of 3,000 using the respective formulas.

Uploaded by

Florame Algarme Melano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Slovin’s Formula

Use to compute for sample size (Sevilla,


2003). This formula is used when you have
limited information about the
characteristics of the population and are
using a non-probability sampling procedure.
(Ellen, 2016)
Non-probability sampling
A process of selecting
respondents in which the
members of the entire
population do not have an equal
chance of being selected as
samples.
n=

where:

n= a sample size
N= population size
e= desired margin error
Example: The parameter of the population is
8000 at 2% margin of error or 98% accuracy.

n= n =
= =
= =1,905
Calmorin’s formula
This is used when the population
is more than 100 and the
researcher decides to utilize
scientific sampling (Calmorin &
Calmorin, 2003)
where:
- sample size
N - population size
V - standard value (2.58) of 1% level of probability with 0.99
reliability
sampling error
p - the largest possible proportion
Example: Getting the statistics from a
parameter of 800

=
=
= 214

=
Computed Sample Sizes Using Calmorin’s Formula

N n N n N n N n

150 122 400 182 650 205 900 218

200 141 450 188 700 208 950 220


250 155 500 194 750 211 1000 221
300 166 550 198 800 214 2000 238
350 175 600 202 850 216 3000
Legend: N=Population n=sample
Find the sample size if the population is
3,000.
=
= =
= 244.43
= = 244

=
2 BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

1. Descriptive Statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and


describing the collected data. The data are summarized to
reveal overall data patterns and make them manageable.

2. Inferential Statistics it involves making generalization


about the population through a sample drawn from it. It
also includes hypothesis testing and sampling
Descriptive Statistical Tools
1. Frequency Distribution = It is the record of the number of individuals or cases
located in each category on the scale of measurement.
2. Proportion = is the total frequency divided by the number of cases in each
category. It can be derived from the frequency distribution.
3. Percentage = It is the proportion expressed in percent (proportion x 100)
4. Measure of central tendencies = it indicates where the center of the distribution
tends to be located. It refers to typical or average score in a distribution.
a. Mode = refers to the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
b. Median = is the middlemost value in a distribution below or above which is
exactly 50% of cases that are found.
c. Mean = is the exact mathematical center of a distribution. It is equal to
the sum of all scores divided by the number of cases.
How to compute the mean for
ungrouped data

Science achievement test scores:


60,75,80,85,90,95

=
=
Mean for Grouped Data

where: where:
f is the frequency of each A.M. is the assumed mean;
f is the frequencyof each
class
class; d is the
X is the class mark of each coded deviation from A.M.;
class i is the class interval
Compute the mean of the given data

Score Frequency (f)


41-45 1
36-40 8
31-35 8
26-30 14
21-25 7
16-20 2
In computing the class mark (X)
Score Frequency Class Mark
(f) (X)
X= (lower limit + Upper Limit )/2
41-45 1 43
Example:
X = (41+45)/2
= 86/2
36-40 8 38
= 43
31-35 8 33
X=( 36+40)/2
= 76/2
= 38 26-30 14 28
21-25 7 23
16-20 2 18
Score Frequency Class fX
(f) Mark
In finding fX (X)
41-45 1 43 43
Multiply frequency
and class mark of 36-40 8 38 304
each score. 31-35 8 33 264
Example: 26-30 14 28 392
Fx= 1x43= 43
Fx= 8x38=304
21-25 7 23 161
Fx= 8x33=264 16-20 2 18 36
Score Frequency Class fX
(f) Mark (X)
41-45 1 43 43
36-40 8 38 304
= 31-35 8 33 264
26-30 14 28 392
= 30 21-25 7 23 161
16-20 2 18 36
Σf=40 ΣfX=1200
Score Frequency (f)
41-45 1
36-40 8
31-35 8
26-30 14
21-25 7
16-20 2
Any class mark can be
considered as the
assumed mean. But it is
convenient to choose the
class mark with the
highest frequency to
facilitate computation.
The class chosen to
contain as the A.M.
has no
deviation from
itself and so 0 is
assigned to it.

Subsequently, similar on
a number line or
Cartesian coordinate
system, consecutive
positive integers are
assigned to the classes
upward and negative
integers to the classes
downward
What have you observed?
It implies that even you use class marks or coded
deviation the results that you will get are the same.
Solutions:
Therefore, the mode of the
Mid-year test is 28.19.

If there are two or more


classes having the same highest
frequency, the formula to be
used is:

Mode = 3(Median) − 2(Mean)


5. Variability or dispersion = refers to the extent and manner
in which the scores in a distribution differ from each other.
a. Range = is the difference between the highest
value and the lowest value in the given
distribution.
b. Average deviation = is the measure of variation
that takes into consideration the deviation of the
individual scores for the mean.
c.Variance = is the square of the standard
deviation.
d. Standard deviation = is the square root of the
quotient of the total squared deviation of the
mean and the total number of cases
Inferential Statistical Tools

Chi Square (𝞆²)


a test of difference
between the observed and
the expected frequencies.
Inferential Statistical Tools
Chi Square (𝞆²)
a test of difference between the
observed and the expected frequencies. This is used

where:
𝞆²= 𝞆² = chi-square
O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
Example:
3x3 Table of Independent Variables

Status
Career Success Permanent Temporary Casual Total
Very Successful 60 35 15 110
Successful 55 45 20 120
Unsuccessful 30 40 50 120
Total 145 120 85 350

Table data determine if the position status of 350 gov’t employees is


independent from career success.

The question is “ Is there a significant difference between the status


and career success of gov’t employees?
To answer this question, consider the following
steps.
1. Null hypothesis (H₀)
2. Statistical Test. Chi- square
3. Significance level. Let ∞ = 0.01
4. Sampling distribution. N= 350 with df = 4, df (R-1)(C-1)
5. Rejection region. The null hypothesis will be rejected if the
chi-square value obtained is equal to or greater than the
tabular value at df 4 and 1 percent level of significance

In getting df will depend on the number of rows and column of the


given table. Just use the formula
Computation

Expected frequency Computation

60 == 45.572 55 == 49.714 30 == 49.714

61 = = 37.7143 45 = = 41.143 40 = = 41.143

15 = = 26.714 20 = = 29.143 50 = = 29.143


Computation of chi-square in a 3x3 table

(O-E)²  
O E O-E (O-E)²
E  
60 45.572 14.428 208.1672 4.5679  
35 37.7143 -2.7143 7.3674 0.1953  
15 26.714 -11.714 137.2178 5.1365  
55 49.714 5.286 27.9418 0.5621  
45 41.143 3.857 14.8764 0.3616  
20 29.143 -9.143 83.5944 2.8684  
30 49.714 -19.714 388.6418 7.8176  
40 41.143 -1.143 1.3064 0.0318  
50 29.143 20.857 435.0144 14.9269  
350 350.0003 0.000   36.46803 or 36.47
Interpretation:

The computed chi-square value is 36.47. This value is


greater than the tabular value 13.28 at df 4 and 1% level
significance, hence it is significant. This means that
success career depends on the position status of
government employees. Therefore the null hypothesis is
rejected

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