PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2

3RD - 4TH QUARTER

 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 
   
The word research was coined from the French word “
 
cerhier” which means seek.

The prefix “re” means to repeat. Literally, research is to

repeat looking for something.

Research signifies finding the truth again about ideas and

problems which were in existence before in different
perspectives.
 Quantitative Research
  
• Quantitative research is an objective,
systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena through the use of
computational techniques.
 
• It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers
yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger
population and explain particular observation.

• Simply, quantitative research is concerned with numbers and its

relationship with events.
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 
 
1. Objective– quantitative research seeks accurate measurement
and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere
intuitions and guesses.

2. Clearly Defined Research Questions– in quantitative research,

the researchers know in advance what they are looking for.

3. Structured Research Instrument– data are normally gathered

using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristic of the population like age , socio-
economic status, number of children, among others.
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 
 
4. Numerical Data— data are in the forms of umbers and statistics,
often organized and presented using tables , charts, graphs and
figures hat consolidate large numbers of data to show trends,
relationships, or differences among variables.

5. Large Sample Sizes— to arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a

normal population distribution curve is preferred. This requires a
large sample size , depending on how the characteristics of the
population vary.

  
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 
 
6. Replication— Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to
verify or confirm the correctness of the results in another setting.
This strengthens the validity of the findings thus eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions.
 
7. Future Outcomes— By using complex mathematical calculation
and with the aid of computers, if-then scenarios maybe
formulated thus predicting future results.
 

  
 STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The Advantages of Quantitative research include :
1. It  is objective . Since it provides numerical data it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.
 
 

2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and

allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.

3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.

4. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the

study to be replicated in different areas or over time with the
formulation or comparable findings.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The Disadvantages of Quantitative research include:
1. Quantitative Research requires a large number of respondents. It is
assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the
findings are.

2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative

research, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people
and in reproducing the questionnaire.

3. The information contextual factors to help interpret the results or to

explain variations are usually ignored.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The Disadvantages of Quantitative research include:
4. Many information are difficult to gather using structured
research instruments, specifically on sensitive issues like
premarital sex, domestic violence, among others.

5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires

maybe incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the
look-out on respondents who are just guessing and answering the
instrument.
 
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with

describing the nature, characteristic and components of
the population or a phenomenon.

2. Correlational Research. It is the systematic investigation

of the nature of relationship or association between and
among variables without necessarily investigating into
causal reasons underlying them.
 
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Evaluation Research. This kind of research aims to asses

the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or
programs.

4. Survey Research. A survey research is used to gather

information from groups of people why selecting and
studying samples chosen from a population.
 
 
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Causal-Comparative Research. It is also known as ex

post facto (after the fact) research. This kind of research
derive conclusion from observation with manifestation that
already occurred on the past and now compared to some
dependent variables. It discusses why and how a
phenomenon occurs.
 
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific

method to test cause and effect relationships under
condition controlled by the researchers. In this case an
effort is made to determine and impose control overall
other variables except one. An independent variable is
manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent
variables. 
 

I. Directions: Choose the letter with the correct

answer according to the questions given.
 
1. The researchers know in advance what they
are looking for.

a. Objective
b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
2. Quantitative research seeks accurate
measurement and analysis of target
concepts.

a. Objective
b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
 
3. Data are in the forms of umbers and statistics, often
organized and presented using tables , charts, graphs and
figures hat consolidate large numbers of data to show
trends, relationships, or differences among variables.

a. Objective
b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
4. It is a data descriptive, and regards
phenomenon which can be observed but not
measured, such as language.

a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
c. Statistics
d. Description
 
5. Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify
or confirm the correctness of the results in another
setting.
 
a. Objective
b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
 
6. Data are normally gathered using structured research
tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristic of the population like age , socio-economic
status, number of children, among others.

a. Objective
b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Structured Research Instrument
d. Replication
 
7. To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal
population distribution curve is preferred.

a. Large Sample Sizes

b. Clearly Defined Research Questions
c. Structured Research Instrument
d. Replication
 
8. Using complex mathematical calculation and with
the aid of computers, if-then scenarios maybe
formulated thus predicting future results.
 
a. Large Sample Sizes
b. Future Outcomes
c. Structured Research Instrument
d. Replication
 
9. This design is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristic and components of the population or a
phenomenon.

a. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Evaluation Research
d. Survey Research
 
10. This kind of research aims to asses the effects, impacts or
outcomes of practices, policies or programs.

a. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Evaluation Research
d. Survey Research
 
11. It is the systematic investigation of the nature of relationship
or association between and among variables without necessarily
investigating into causal reasons underlying them.

a. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Evaluation Research
d. Survey Research
 
12. Used to gather information from groups of people y selecting
and studying samples chosen from a population.
 

a. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Evaluation Research
d. Survey Research
 
13. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.
 

a. Experimental Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Causal-Comparative Research
d. Survey Research
 
14. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause and effect
relationships under condition controlled by the researchers. .
 

a. Experimental Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Causal-Comparative Research
d. Survey Research
 
15. The word research was coined from the French word “ cerhier”
which means?
 

a. Research
b. Correlational
c. Quantitative
d. Seek
 
II. Identification:
Write Qualitative if it is applied in qualitative, then write
Quantitative if it is applied in quantitative. Lastly, write QQ if it
is applied in both method.
__________1. Introduction of the Problem
__________2. Statement of the problem
___________3. Introduces the research questions
___________4. Discusses how the elements of the cited
theory/theories applied in the study
_____________5. Concerned with understanding human
behavior from the informant’s perspective.
 
____________6. Concerned about discovering facts
about social phenomena.
____________7. Assumed a dynamic and negotiated
reality.
____________8. Assumes a fix and measurable reality.
____________9. Data are collected through participant
observation and interviews.
____________10. Data are collected through
measuring things.
 
____________11. Data are analyzed by themes from
descriptions by informants.
____________12. Data are analyzed through numerical
comparisons and statistical inferences.
____________13. Data are reported in the language of
the informants.
____________14. Data are reported through statistical
analysis.
____________15. Collection of population inside the
school campus.
 
 Data Analysis Method

Analyzing Quantitative Data

Data Preparation
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the
aim is to convert raw data into something meaningful and
readable. It includes four steps:

Step 1: Data Validation

Step 2: Data Editing
Step 3: Data Coding
Step 1: Data Validation
The purpose of data validation is to find out, as far as possible,
whether the data collection was done as per the pre-set standards
and without any bias. It is a four-step process, which includes…

Fraud, to infer whether each respondent was actually interviewed or

not.
Screening, to make sure that respondents were chosen as per the
research criteria.
Procedure, to check whether the data collection procedure was duly
followed.
Completeness, to ensure that the interviewer asked the respondent
all the questions, rather than just a few required ones.
Step 2: Data Editing
Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make sure that there are no such errors, the
researcher should conduct basic data checks, check for outliers, and edit the raw
research data to identify and clear out any data points that may hamper the accuracy of
the results.
For example, an error could be fields that were left empty by respondents. While editing
the data, it is important to make sure to remove or fill all the empty fields. (
Here are 4 methods to deal with missing data.)

Step 3: Data Coding

This is one of the most important steps in data preparation. It refers to grouping and
assigning values to responses from the survey.
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1,000 people and now wants to find the
average age of the respondents, the researcher will create age buckets and categorize
the age of each of the respondent as per these codes. (For example, respondents
between 13-15 years old would have their age coded as 0, 16-18 as 1, 18-20 as 2, etc.)
 
 Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
Several methods are available to analyze qualitative data. The most
commonly used data analysis methods are:
· Content analysis: This is one of the most common methods to analyze
qualitative data. It is used to analyze documented information in the
form of texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this method
depends on the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to
analyze responses from interviewees.

Narrative analysis: This method is used to analyze content from various

sources, such as interviews of respondents, observations from the field,
or surveys. It focuses on using the stories and experiences shared by
people to answer the research questions.
Discourse analysis: Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to
analyze interactions with people. However, it focuses on analyzing the social
context in which the communication between the researcher and the
respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-to-
day environment and uses that information during analysis.

·Grounded theory: This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a

certain phenomenon happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar
cases in different settings and using the data to derive causal explanations.
Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study
more cases until they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.
These methods are the ones used most commonly. However, other data
analysis methods, such as conversational analysis, are also available.
 
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework illustrates what you expect to

find through your research. It defines the relevant
variables for your study and maps out how they might
relate to each other. You should construct a conceptual
framework before you begin collecting data. It is often
represented in a visual format.
 
 Chapter 4
REPORTING FINDINGS, DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND
MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS
 
 RECOMMENDATION
 
Conclusions and Recommendations may be combined or, in long reports,
presented in separate sections. If there are no recommendations to be made
as a result of the project, just call this section Conclusions.
The Conclusions section sums up the key points of your discussion, the
essential features of your design, or the significant outcomes of your
investigation. As its function is to round off the story of your project, it should:
· be written to relate directly to the aims of the project as stated in the
Introduction
· indicate the extent to which the aims have been achieved
· summarise the key findings, outcomes or information in your report
 
Example 1:
Aim
The aim of this project is to design a mobile phone tower for a suburban location..
CONCLUSIONS
 
The mobile phone tower presented here can be erected safely in a suburban street.
It requires a total  area of no more than 2m2 l, and has the following safety features:
 
Example 2:Aim
This investigation will review the volume of passengers using the Monash University
Clayton-Caulfield inter-campus bus in order to recommend adjustments to the service if
needed.
 Conclusions
 
Analysis of the survey data obtained in this project shows that use of the Clayton-Caulfield
inter-campus bus has increased by 24% in the past five years. It is recommended that
frequency be increased during peak usage...
 
APA REFERENCE LIST

APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American

Psychological Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly
in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as
education and other fields. On the APA reference page, you list all the
sources that you’ve cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right
after the body text.
Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page:
· Place the section label “References” in bold at the top of the page (centered).
· Order the references alphabetically.
· Double-space all text.
· Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 inches
 
REFERENCE LIST
HOW DO I DEFEND MY RESEARCH
Answer:
It is not clear what you mean by “defend research.” It could mean
either defending your thesis (during the thesis defense) or defending
or justifying your research in a research paper.
 
If you mean defending your thesis, here are some broad strategies
you can employ.
 
* Know your thesis very well. As you have spent considerable time
working on your thesis, you should be very familiar with your thesis.
Nevertheless, before the defense, spend some time going through it
again.
* Know your thesis very well. As you have spent
considerable time working on your thesis, you should be
very familiar with your thesis. Nevertheless, before the
defense, spend some time going through it again.

*Ensure your supervisor has reviewed and approved your

thesis. This is to ensure they are able to guide you
appropriately in the run-up to the defense. Read 
this researcher story for the negative consequences of a
supervisor not having reviewed the thesis before the
defense.
 
*Prepare responses to potential questions that may
be asked during the defense. Based on your topic,
prepare a few questions the examiners are likely to
ask you during the defense and your responses to
them. In case you are asked unfamiliar questions,
do provide a response to the best of your
understanding because, apart from your knowledge
of the topic, examiners are also keen to know how
well you think as an academic scholar.
 
I. Directions: Encircle the letter with the correct answer
according to the questions given.
 
1. Refers to the implementation of processes through
which data is reviewed for the purpose of arriving at an
informed conclusion.

A. Data Interpretation
b. Data Analysis method
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Recommendation
 
2. Non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked
or compared quantitatively. Variables are exclusive
and exhaustive.

A. Nominal Scale
B. Ordinal
C. interval
D. ratio
 
3. Exclusive categories that are exclusive and
exhaustive but with a logical order. Quality ratings and
agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e.,
good, very good, fair, etc., OR agree, strongly agree,
disagree, etc.).

A. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
 
4. A measurement scale where data is grouped
into categories with orderly and equal distances
between the categories. There is always an
arbitrary zero point.

A. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
 
5. Numerical average of a set of
values.

A. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Percentage
6. Most common value among a set of values.

A. Mean
b. Median
C. Mode
D. Percentage
 
7. The number of times a value is found.

A. Mean
b. Median
c. Frequency
d. percentage
 
8. The highest and lowest value in a set of
values.

A. Mean
b. Percentage
C. Range
d. Frequency
 
9. This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a
certain phenomenon happened. It does this by
studying a variety of similar cases in different settings
and using the data to derive causal explanations.

A. Content Analysis
b. Narrative analysis
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Ground Theory
 
10. Like narrative analysis, discourse this is used to
analyze interactions with people. However, it focuses
on analyzing the social context in which the
communication between the researcher and the
respondent occurred.

A. Content Analysis
b. Narrative analysis
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Ground Theory
11. This method is used to analyze content from various
sources, such as interviews of respondents, observations
from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories
and experiences shared by people to answer the research
questions.

A. Content Analysis
b. Narrative analysis
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Ground Theory
 
12. This is one of the most common methods to
analyze qualitative data. It is used to analyze
documented information in the form of texts,
media, or even physical items.

A. Content Analysis
b. Narrative analysis
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Ground Theory
 
13. A ___________illustrates what you expect
to find through your research. It defines the
relevant variables for your study and maps out
how they might relate to each other.

A. Review of Related Literature

B. Conceptual Framework
c. Introduction
d. Summary
14. Is the style of documentation of sources used
by the American Psychological Association. This
form of writing research papers is used mainly in
the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology,
sociology, as well as education and other fields.
A. APA
b. Conceptual Framework
d. Dewey Decimal Classification
d. recommendations
 
15. Is the first level of analysis. It helps
researchers summarize the data and find
patterns.

A. Descriptive statistics
b. Research Objectives
c. Introduction
d. Conceptual Framework
 
 Enumeration
1. 3 types of Analyzing Quantitative
data.(5pts)
2. Methods of Qualitative data
Analysis.(5pts)