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Bridges

The document discusses various types of bridge circuits used for measurement. It begins by explaining the basic components and functioning of a bridge circuit. Then it describes specific bridge circuits in more detail including: Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge, AC bridges, capacitive comparison bridge, inductive comparison bridge, Maxwell's bridge, Wien bridge, and Wagner's earth connection. Each bridge circuit has a unique configuration and application for measuring resistances, capacitances, inductances or frequencies.

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173 views

Bridges

The document discusses various types of bridge circuits used for measurement. It begins by explaining the basic components and functioning of a bridge circuit. Then it describes specific bridge circuits in more detail including: Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge, AC bridges, capacitive comparison bridge, inductive comparison bridge, Maxwell's bridge, Wien bridge, and Wagner's earth connection. Each bridge circuit has a unique configuration and application for measuring resistances, capacitances, inductances or frequencies.

Uploaded by

akshaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRIDGES

ANJANI
ASST.
PROFESSOR
DEPT OF ECE
Learning objectives:
To study the different types of bridge
circuits
Lesson plan:
Sl Topic Date Date Remark
No planned engaged
1. Wheatstone bridge

2. Kelvin bridge, AC bridges

3. Capacitive comparison bridge, Inductive


comparison bridge
4. Maxwell’s bridge, Wein bridge

5. Wagner’s earth connection


Introduction:
A bridge circuit in its simplest form consists
of a network of four resistance arms forming
a closed circuit.
A source of current is applied to two
opposite junctions. The current detector is
connected to other two junctions.
The bridge circuit compares the value of an
unknown component with that of an
accurately known standard component.
Advantages of bridge circuit:
1. The balance equation is independent of the
magnitude of input voltage.
2. The measurement accuracy is high as
measurement is done by comparing
unknown value with standard value.
3. The accuracy is independent of
characteristics of a null detector and is
dependent on component values.
Advantages of bridge circuit:
4. The balance equation is independent of
sensitivity of null detector, impedance of
detector or any impedance shunting
detector.
5. The balance condition remains unchanged
if source and detector are interchanged.
Wheatstone bridge:
Wheatstone bridge:
The bridge consists of four resistive arms
together with a source of e.m.f. and a null
detector.
The galvanometer is used as a null detector.
The arms consisting resistances R1 and R2
are called ratio arms.
The arm consisting standard known
resistance R3 is called standard arm.
 The resistance R4 is unknown resistance to
be measured.
Wheatstone bridge:
………………(1)
………………(2)

………………(3)

Substituting equation(2) and (3) in (1)


Wheatstone bridge:

This is the equation for bridge to be balanced.


Sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge
When the is in unbalanced condition,
current flows through galvanometer, causing
a deflection of its pointer.
Sensitivity is the deflection per unit current.
Deflection can be expressed in linear or
angular units, Sensitivity(S) in mm/μA or
degree/ μA or radians/ μA.
Total deflection D=S*I , I is current in μA.
Unbalanced Wheatstone’s bridge:
Unbalanced Wheatstone’s bridge:
Thevinin’s theorem is used to determine
the amount of deflection would results for
particular degree of deflection.
Unbalanced Wheatstone’s bridge:
Kelvin’s bridge:
Kelvin’s bridge:
In the Wheatstone bridge, bridge contact
and lead resistance causes significant error,
while measuring low resistances.
For measuring the values of resistance
below 1Ω,the modified form of Wheatstone
bridge is used, known as Kelvin bridge.
The resistance Ry represents resistance of
connecting leads fromR3,to Rx
Kelvin’s bridge:
The resistance Rx is unknown resistance to
be measured.
The galvanometer can be connected to
either terminal a, b or terminal c.
When it is connected to a, the lead
resistance Ry gets added to Rx hence value
measured by bridge, indicates much higher
value of Rx.
Kelvin’s bridge:
If the galvanometer is connected to terminal
c, then Ry gets added to R3. This results in
the measurement of Rx much lower than
actual value.
The point b is in between points a and c, in
such away that ratio of resistance from c to
b and that from a to b is equal to the ratio of
R1 and R2.
AC bridges:
AC bridges:
An a.c. bridge in its basic form consists of
four arms, a source of excitation and a
balance detector.
Each arm consists of an impedance.
The bridge is excited by an ac source rather
than dc and galvanometer is replaced by a
detector such as headphone
AC bridges:
When bridge is balanced,

Bridge must be balanced for both reactance


and resistive components.
Capacitive comparison bridge:
Capacitive comparison bridge:
The ratio arms R1,R2 are resistive.
The known standard capacitor C3 is in
series with R3.
Cx is the unknown capacitor and Rx is
small leakage resistance of capacitor.
Unknown capacitor compared with a
standard capacitor.
Capacitive comparison bridge:

Z1Zx=Z2Z3
Inductive comparison bridge:
Inductive comparison bridge:
The values of unknown inductance Lx and
its internal resistance Rx are obtained by
comparison with standard inductor and
resistance.
Z1Zx=Z2Z3
Maxwell’s bridge:
Maxwell’s bridge:
Maxwell's bridge can be used to measure
inductance by comparison either with
avaiable standard self inductance or with a
standard variable capacitance.
One arm has resistance parallel with C1.So
balance equation is
Z1Zx=Z2Z3
Wien’s bridge:
Wien’s bridge:
It has a series RC combination in one arm a
parallel combination in the adjoining arm.
Designed to measure frequency.
It is used to measure unknown capacitor
with great accuracy.
Z1=R1-j/wC1
Wagner’s earth connection:

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