CHAPTER 1

PUMPS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & PROCESS ENGG.,

TECH.,
JUBAIL INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE

CHM 122 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS 1

 PUMPS
• Pumps are machines that apply energy to fluids,
in order to move fluids from one place to
another through pipelines.
• Pumping rates can vary from a few gallons to
million barrels.
• Pumps are made of different materials and have
different sizes and shapes.

2
 Classification of Pumps
1. Dynamic Pump
• Have rotating impellers, to move a liquid by
making use of dynamic properties.
2. Positive Displacement Pump
• Provided with pistons, plungers, rotary gears or
screws, to carry a volume of liquid by
displacement of pistons, plunger or cavities
enclosed by gear teeth or screws.

3
Classification of Pumps
PUMPS

POSITIVE
DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT

AXIAL CENTRIFUGAL ROTARY RECIPROCATING

TURBINE VOLUTE GEAR PISTON

PROPELLER DIFFUSER LOBE PLUNGER

SCREW DIAPHRAGM

CAM

VANE

4
 Centrifugal Pumps
• A centrifugal pump uses centrifugal force to
push fluids.
• The centrifugal force is generated by an impeller
spinning around a shaft.
• The centrifugal force generated by the rotation
of impeller throws the liquid away to the edge of
disc.

5
Centrifugal pumps work by the force of
spinning.

The force that pushes outward is called

centrifugal force.

6
 Centrifugal Pumps
• A centrifugal pump has a
casing, fitting to a shaft in
an impeller.
• An impeller is a disc, with a
series of curved vanes
extending out from the
center which rotates with
the shaft.
• The shaft is connected to a
driver.

7
Centrifugal Pump Parts

8
 Housing/Casing
Functions:
• It contains and directs the fluid from the
impeller to the volute.
• Volute is part of casing having a larger area
towards the discharge. where fluid is
collected and passes out.
• It provides connection to the suction and
discharge pipes
• It houses the internal parts, holds them in place
and protects them
9
 IMPELLERS
• Impellers is the main part of a centrifugal pump.
• Moves the liquid through the pump.
• Mounted on the pump shaft.
• A motor or engine connects to shaft, provides
rotating motion to the impellers.

10
 IMPELLERS
OPEN
• Impellers consist only curved vanes with no shrouds (side plates).
• Not easily clogged by solids being pumped.
• Less efficient.
SEMI OPEN
• Has complete shrouds on one side of vanes.
• Stronger than open
• Shrouding increases the chances of being clogged with solids.
CLOSED
• Shrouded on both sides.
• Maximum strength and good efficiency.
• Suitable for pumping clear liquids.

11
12
Open Semi-Open Closed

13
 DISCHARGE OUTLET
• Liquid leaves the pump under pressure.

• Pipeline is attached to discharge flange to carry

pumped liquid.

14
 BEARINGS
• Bearing supports shaft and allow it to rotate
with little friction.
• Impeller and shaft of a pump must be free to
rotate with little resistance .
• Damage and Leakage results from erratic
motion of shaft.
• Requires lubrication for smooth running and
long life.
• Ball or roller bearings are commonly used.
15
 Centrifugal Pump Operation
• Centrifugal pump must be full
of liquid at all times. (priming)
• Liquid enters the casing
through suction nozzle.
• Liquid is directed to
Center(eye) of the impeller.
• The rotation of the impeller
creates a centrifugal force
that moves the liquid away
from the center of impeller.

16
 Centrifugal Pump Operation
• Liquid gains kinetic energy and
moves towards the outside edge
of impeller.
• Liquid moves at high velocity to
volute.
• In the volute, the liquid slows
down and its kinetic energy
changes into pressure energy
which forces the liquid out
through discharge pipe.

17
Advantages of Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal pumps are used more often than any other
pumps because:
• Least expensive.
• They have only one moving part.
• Less maintenance.
Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pump
• Pump should be primed before they are started.

18
Positive Displacement Pumps
CLASSIFICATION
• Positive displacement pumps are either
reciprocating ( piston , plunger and diaphragm
pumps) or rotary (gear ,lobe, screw pumps)

Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement

Pumps
Higher Capacity. (Discharge Less Capacity.
rate)
Smaller Heads. (Discharge Higher Heads.
pressure)

19
 Reciprocating Pumps
PISTON PUMPS-PARTS
1. Cylinder ( Casing)
2. Piston
3. Piston Rod
4. Suction & Discharge Valves (these are check valves
that allow flow in one direction)

20
Piston Pumps - Operation
• Piston Connected to Prime Movers (Motors)
• Piston moves back and forth within the cylinder. The
complete movement of piston along the length of
cylinder called stroke.
• The Backward Stroke creates suction. Liquids enters
the cylinder through suction valve and trapped in the
cylinder.
• In forward Stroke, the piston moves to the front and
pressurize the liquid causing the suction valve to close
and the discharge valve to open.
• The liquid leaves through the discharge valve

21
Piston Pumps - Operation
• This operation is an example of single acting
pump, because the pump discharge on forward
stroke.
• Double-acting piston pumps have suction and
discharge valves at both ends of the cylinder
• Double-acting piston pumps discharge
liquid in both the forward and the backward
strokes.

22
Piston Pumps - Operation

Single action double action

23
Plunger Pumps
Principle: Same as Piston pump, but piston replaced
by plunger.
Differences:
Piston Pump Plunger Pump
Piston pump displaces all Plunger pump displaces only
liquid in the cylinder. part of the liquid.
Lesser Discharge pressure Higher Discharge pressure
because of smaller diameter
of plunger

Packing is provided at rim Packing will be only at end

and end of the cylinder to of the cylinder.
create a fluid tight seal.

24
Plunger Pump

25
Diaphragm Pumps
• Similar to Piston and Diaphragm Pump.
• The displacement device is a diaphragm, a disc made of
flexible material.
• Diaphragm Pumps are used to pump fluids that
contain solids, acids and alkaline solution.
• Less likely to damage by corrosive fluids.

26
Advantages of Reciprocating pumps
• Can handle volatile and very viscous liquids.
• Able to produce very high pressure.
• No priming needed .
Disadvantages of Reciprocating pumps

• Limited rate of capacities.

• Operates at low speed.
• Much maintenance required.

27
Rotary Pumps
• The displacement devices are meshed gears,
screws, lobes or any other rotating devices.
• Can operate to higher speeds (up to 7000 rpm).
• Compact, contains fewer moving parts.

28
Gear Pump
• Gear Pump has two meshed gears, which rotate in
opposite directions inside the casing.
• One of the gear is called drive gear (attached to driver)
and the other called idle gear, driven by drive gear.
• The rotation of the gear displaces the liquid trapped in
the small clearance between casing wall and the teeth
of the gears.
• The clearance between the pump casing is small
enough so as not to allow the liquid to flow back to
suction or slip

29
Gear Pump

[1] discharge port. [3] Casing

[2] Gears . [4] Suction port

30
Screw Pump
• The operation is same as Gear Pump. But the rotating
device, gear is replaced by screw.

31
Lobe Pump
• The operation is same as Gear Pump. The rotating
device, gear is replaced by lobe.

[1] discharge port. [3] Casing [5] Rotor.

[4] Suction port [6] Lobes.

32
Advantages of Rotary pumps

• Rotary pumps can handle thick, viscous liquids better than

centrifugal or reciprocating pumps.
• Rotary pumps provide a smooth flow of liquids.
• No need of priming.

Disadvantages of Rotary pumps

• The clearance should be small.

• Liquid that is pumped must be free of dirt.
• Strainers (filters) are usually provided at the suction side.

33
Cavitation on Pumps
What is Cavitation?
• Cavitation is the formation and subsequent
collapse of bubbles inside a pump casing
during operation.
Signs of Cavitation
• Sounds like marbles rattling inside the pump.
• Rapid fluctuations in suction pressure .
• Overheating of the pump casing.

34
Cavitation on Pumps

35
Cavitation on Pumps
Why does cavitation occurs?
• Occurs when the liquid reaches its boiling
point.
• At the suction eye, the pressure of the liquid is
below atmospheric.
• It is possible that the reduction in pressure of
the liquid will cause boiling if its
temperature is close to the boiling
temperature at the suction eye.

36
Cavitation on Pumps
Effects of Cavitation
• Great force resulting in a shock wave that might
damage the metal surface of the impeller
and the casing.

37
Cavitation on Pumps
Prevention of Cavitation
• Suction pressure must be maintained
above the boiling pressure of the liquid,
this is a minimum determined by pump
manufacturer and is called net positive
suction head (NPSH).
• Suction valve has to be opened fully.
• Pump has to be primed before operation.

38