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Acids, Bases, & Salts

1. Acids have a pH less than 7, donate hydrogen ions in solution, and react with metals to form hydrogen gas. Strong acids like hydrochloric acid ionize completely while weak acids only partially ionize. 2. Bases have a pH greater than 7, accept hydrogen ions in solution, feel slippery, and dissolve fats and oils. Strong bases like sodium hydroxide fully dissociate while weak bases like ammonia only partially dissociate. 3. Salts are neutral compounds formed by the reaction of acids and bases, consisting of the positive ion of the base and the negative ion of the acid.

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77 views

Acids, Bases, & Salts

1. Acids have a pH less than 7, donate hydrogen ions in solution, and react with metals to form hydrogen gas. Strong acids like hydrochloric acid ionize completely while weak acids only partially ionize. 2. Bases have a pH greater than 7, accept hydrogen ions in solution, feel slippery, and dissolve fats and oils. Strong bases like sodium hydroxide fully dissociate while weak bases like ammonia only partially dissociate. 3. Salts are neutral compounds formed by the reaction of acids and bases, consisting of the positive ion of the base and the negative ion of the acid.

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Delano Pete
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Acids, Bases, & Salts

pH less than 7

Neutralizes bases

What is an +
Forms H ions in solution
ACID?
Corrosive-reacts with most metals
to form hydrogen gas

Good conductors of electricity


Acids Generate Ions

HNO3 + H2O  H 3 O+ + NO3


Weak Acids do not
ionize completely:
Acetic, Boric, Nitrous,
Phosphoric, Sulfurous
Weak vs.
Strong Acids
Strong Acids ionize
completely:
Hydrochloric, Nitric;
Sulfuric, Hydriodic
Common
• HCl- hydrochloric- stomach acid
• H2SO4- sulfuric acid - car batteries

Acids
• HNO3 – nitric acid - explosives
• HC2H3O2- acetic acid - vinegar
• H2CO3-carbonic acid – sodas
• H3PO4- phosphoric acid -flavorings
What is a BASE?
•pH greater than 7
•Feels slippery
•Dissolves fats and oils
-
•Usually forms OH ions in
solution
•Neutralizes acids
Weak vs. Strong Bases

• Weak Bases: ammonia; potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate


• Strong Bases: sodium hydroxide; sodium phosphate; barium
hydroxide; calcium hydroxide
Common Bases

• NaOH- sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner


• Mg (OH)2 - magnesium hydroxide-antacids
• Al(OH)3-aluminum hydroxide-antacids, deodorants
• NH4OH-ammonium hydroxide- “ammonia”
Types of Acids and Bases

• In the 1800’s chemical concepts were based on the


reactions of aqueous solutions.
• Svante Arrhenius developed a concept of acids and
bases relevant to reactions in H2O.

• Arrhenius acid – produces hydrogen ions in water.


• Arrhenius base – produce hydroxide ions in water.
A broader ,more modern concept of acids and bases was developed
later.

Bronsted-Lowry acid- donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction.


Bronsted – Lowry base – accepts a hydrogen in a reaction.
• Conjugate acid- compound formed when an base gains a hydrogen
ion.

• Conjugate base – compound formed when an acid loses a hydrogen


ion.
pH Scale
pH of Common Substances

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335


Reactions with indicators

Indicator Acid Neutral Base


color color color
Phenolphthalein Colorless Faint pink Dark pink

Bromthymol Yellow Green Blue


blue
Litmus Red ----- Blue
pH paper

• pH paper changes color to


indicate a specific pH value.
Buffers

• A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts


of acids and bases are added.
Situations in which pH is controlled

• “Heartburn”
• Planting vegetables and flowers
• Fish Tanks and Ponds
• Blood
• Swimming pools
Acids and Bases in Solution
• HCl + H20  H3O + + Cl- (more hydronium ions, more
acidic)
• NaOH in water  Na+ + OH- (more hydroxide ions, more basic)

• NaOH + HCl  NaCl + HOH Acid + Base yields type of salt and
water
• NH3 + H20  NH4+ + OH- ammonia gas + water yields
ammonium and hydroxide ions
Acid Rain

Pollution in the air (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide)


combines with water to form various acids.
.
Rapid changes in pH can kill fish
and other organisms in lakes and
streams.
Soil pH is affected and can kill
plants and create sinkholes
What is a SALT?
• A salt is a neutral substance produced from the
reaction of an acid and a base.
• Composed of the negative ion of an acid and the
positive ion of a base.
• One of the products of a Neutralization Reaction
• Examples: KCl, MgSO4, Na3PO4
Neutralization Reaction

• A neutralization reaction is the reaction of an acid with a base to


produce salt and water.
• Example
H2SO4 + NaOH  NaHSO4 + H2O
Digestion and pH

• Digestion-process by which foods are broken down into


simpler substances.
• Mechanical digestion-physical process in which food is
torn apart (mouth)
• Chemical digestion- chemical reactions in which large
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
(stomach and small intestines)
pH in the Digestive System

• Mouth-pH around 7. Saliva contains amylase, an


enzyme which begins to break carbohydrates into
sugars.
• Stomach- pH around 2. Proteins are broken down
into amino acids by the enzyme pepsin.
• Small intestine-pH around 8. Most digestion ends.
Small molecules move to bloodstream toward cells
that use them
Digestive system
mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine
Acids, Bases, and Salts

The End

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