Industrial Internet of Things

Introduction to Industrial Internet

of Things

Lalit Chaudhari
INDUSTRY 0
Industrial Revolutions
Driving Force: STEAM
 2nd Industrial Revolution
Iron, Steel, Rail,
Electrical
Petroleum, Chemical,
Automobiles, Paper Making,
Fertilizers etc.

Driving Force: ELECTRICITY

Driving Force:
Integrated
Circuits,
Computers,
Automation
THE 4 Industrial Revaluation
TH
 •Smart Lighting
HOME •Intrusion Detection
•Smart Appliances
IOT •Fire and Gas Detector

•Smart Parking
Cities •Smart Street Light
•Public Safety
•Traffic Management
•Smart Utility distribution

Enviro • Weather
nment Monitoring
•Air and Noise
Pollution
Retail Monitoring
Industry Agricul • Smart
ture Irrigation
•Inventory
•Machine Diagnosis •Green House
Management
•Smart Payment •Indoor Air Quality Control
Monitoring
 Home Automation

• Alexa Amazon
• Schneider Electric Home Automation
Wearable Devices and the Internet of Things
Inferring Information and Knowledge from Data

Information Knowledge
Data • Knowledge is inferred
• Information is inferred from information by
• Raw and from data by filtering, organizing and
Unprocessed data processing structuring information
obtained from categorizing and is put into action to
condensing and achieve specific
devices/systems contextualizing data. objectives

Data Received Data Received categorized Organize data used to

from various base on sensors i.e CONTEX inferred information,
sensors is added decision making etc
 Definition of IOT
•A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical
and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes,
and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces,
and are seamlessly integrated into the information
network, often communicate data associated with
users and their environments.
 Characteristics of IOT

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

– Capability to adapt changing contexts .
– Take decision accordingly
• Changing intensity of street light with intensity of day light.
• Change in normal infra-red night mode in surveillance camera,
change in resolution when any movement is observed.
• Self-Configuring
– No of devices are connected in network if any one new
device is added it should be configured automatically,
– Ability to upgrade software/firmware automatically
without user intervention
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
– A characteristic of a product or system, whose interfaces are
completely understood, to work with other products or systems,
at present or in the future, in either implementation or access,
without any restrictions.
• Unique Identity
– IOT interface allow users to query the device, monitor status of
device, control them remotely – require unique identity on
network so that intended device can be communicated
• Integrated into Information Network
– Integration into information system make IOT system “SMARTER”.
– Data generated from various nodes is collected, aggregated and
analyzed for required objective.

Continued
 Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which
have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly),
• Collect data from other devices and process the data
locally
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data,
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints
 •An IoT device may consist of several
interfaces for connections to other
devices, both wired and wireless.
•I/O interfaces for sensors
•Interfaces for Internet connectivity
•Memory and storage interfaces
•Audio/video interfaces
IOT
Block
Diagram
 IOT Protocol
• Linked Layer:
– Local network connection
– Physical communication of information/signal over
network either wired or wireless media.
– Determine how packets are coded and signalled by
hardware devices over the medium to which host is
attached.
– Protocols used in linked layer
• IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet - use coaxial cable
• 802.3.i – Over twisted-pair copper wire –
typically used
• 802.3.j – Ethernet over fibre optic cable.
– 802.11- Wifi - Wireless Local Area Network
– 802.11a - 5 GHz band
– 802.11b / 802.11g - 2.4GHz Band
–  802.11n – 2.5/5 GHz
– 802.11ac – 5 GHz band
– 802.11ad – 60GHz Plan
– Data rate from 1 Mb/s to 6.75Gb/s
• 802.16- WiMax – Use for Broadband Standard - Data
rates of 100Mb/s for Mobile stations abd 1Gb/s for fixed
stations
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN - Low Rate Wireless Personal Area
networks. Low Cost, Low Range, Low Speed
– Zigbee, LR-WPAN
– Data Rate 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s
• 2G/3G/4G Mobile Network -
– IOT devices can use these standards for
communication over cellular network
– Data rate ranges from 9.6 kb/s (2G) to 100Mb/s
(4G).
– Network Internet Layer
• Sends IP datagram
• Host addressing and packet routing
• Datagram include source and destination
addresses.
• IPv4/Ipv6 use for identity of device on network.
• 6LoWPAN- IEEE805 15 4 –IPv6 Low Power
Wireless Personal Area Network. It is for low
power devices and devices placed near to each
other. With 2.4GHz bandwidth, data can be
transfer with rate of20Kb/s.
• Transport Layer
– Responsible for end to end message transfer
independent of type of network used.
– Message can be transfer either by using handshakes,
TCP, or without handshakes UDP
– TCP - Transmission Control protocol
• Widely used web browsers used by web browsers along
with application layer protocols HTTP, HTTPS, email
programs SMTP, file transfer protocol FTP.
• IP sends packets while TCP ensures packets transfer
securely and at right place in proper order.
• TCP also check error in information while transmitting and
discard duplicate packets while retransmit lost packets.
• UDP- User Datagram Protocol
– IT is connectionless protocol i.e. no need to
establish a connection before data transmission.
– Useful for time sensitive applications having very
small data units to exchange and do not required
overhead of connection setup.
– Non reliable protocol
 Application Layer
• Application layer protocol interacts with lower
layers to send and receive data.
• The data to be send in encoded by application
layer protocol and encapsulated by transport
layer which transfer the information on
network to desired destination.
• HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
– machine to machine communication.
– Like HTTP it is web transfer protocol and use
request response model
 – It run on top of UDP instead of TCP
– It work on client server architecture
• WebSocket
• MQTT-Message Queue Telemetry Transport
• XMPP – Wxpensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol
• DDS - Data Distribution Service
• AMQP – Advance Message Queuing Protocol.
 Logical Design of IoT

• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract

representation of the entities and processes without going into
the low-level specifics of the implementation.
• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication, and management.
 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about
various examples of IoT devices in section
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device
for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or
controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access
for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.
 Continued. . .
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and
stores the data generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device,application, database and analysis components. Web
service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are
easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users
can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Applications also allow users to view the system status
and view the processed data.
 Request-Response communication model
• Request-Response is a communication model in which the
client sends requests to the server and the server
responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response, and then sends
the response to the client.
• Printing a document on printer shared on
network where document application like
Word, Excel, PDF reader etc will be client. The
request will be send to printer server which
maintain queue of all printing jobs.
• In process Automation HMI or SCADA screen
act as client while PLC act as server. HMI
software request updated status of all Input
andOutput to display on monitor
 Publish-Subscribe communication model
• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves
publishers, brokers and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.
• In restaurants what a Chef can cook is Publish
on “Menu Card” – topic wise .
• Attendant , a Broker, took order from
costumer and place it to Publisher.
• Publisher prepare recipe and handover to
broker who intern deliver it to Subscriber
• HMI application which is a costumer while PLC
is a Publisher, program that accept input from
PLC and organise it as per HMI requirement is
a broker.
 Push-Pull communication model
• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the
data producers push the data to queues and the
consumers pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of the
consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between
the producers and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in
situations when there is a mismatch between the
rate at which the producers push data and the rate
at which the consumers pull data.
 Exclusive Pair communication model
• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent
connection between the
client and server.
• Once the connection is
setup, it remains open until
the client sends a request
to close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other
after connection setup.
 IOT Communication API
• REST-based Communication APIs (Application
Programming Interface)
• Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which can be used design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources
and how resource states are addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request-response communication
model.
• The REST architectural constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and data elements,
• REST Architectural Constraints
– Client-Server
• Client and Server both work independently
– i.e if client want to save some information on server then it is concern of server
and not client. While collection of information is concern of client and not
server.
• This help independent development and update of client and server.
– Stateless
• Request send by client to server must contain all necessary
information to understand request.
• Session states are kept entirely on client
– Cache-able
• Data requested must be labelled as cache-ble or non cache-able
implicitly or explicitly.
• If requested data is labelled as cache-able then client cache is given
right to reuse the response data for latter requestes.
• This eliminate the interactions partially or completely and improve
scalability and efficiency
– Layered System constraint
• This constraint applied to components in network
• Each components can not see beyond the intermediate layer with
which they are interacting.
• Improve Scalabililty.
– Uniform Interface
• This constraint required communication between clint and server
must be uniform.
• Resources requested are identifiable and separate from the
representations sent to the client.
• resources can be manipulated by the client via the representation
they receive because the representation contains enough
information to do so.
– Code on Demand
• Server can provide executable code or script for clients to execute
in their context.
– WebSocket Based Communication API
• Allow bi­directional, full duplex communication between
client and server.
• Use exclusive pair communication model.
• Do not require a new connection to be established every
time when requesting service from server.
• Client send WebSocket handshake request to server over
HTTP. Server intemperate it as upgrade request.
• Server if support WebSocket responds the handshake. Once
connection established information can be transfer in full
duplex mode between client and server.
• WebSocket reduce network traffic and latency since it do
not require setup and termination requests every time.
• This is applicable in IOT applications where low latency or
high thoughtput required.
Developing real-time web application 
• A continual display of data at the client end and backend server
sends back this data continuously, WebSocket allows uninterrupted
pushing or transmitting this data in the already open connection. The
use of WebSocket makes such data transmission quick and leverages
the application’s performance.
• A real-life example of such WebSocket utility is in the bitcoin trading
website. Here, WebSocket assist in data handling that is impelled by
the deployed backend server to the client.
‍Creating a chat application 
• Chat application developers call out WebSocket for help in operations
like a one-time exchange and publishing/broadcasting the messages.
As the same WebSocket connection is used for sending/receiving
messages, communication becomes easy and quick.
 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about
various examples of IoT devices in section

• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device

for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or
controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access for
the device.

• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs

on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and receives
& , 2015

commands from the application (via web services) for controlling

the device
 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and
stores the data generated by the IoT device.

• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT

device application, database and analysis components. Web
service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).

• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible

for analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form
which are easy for the user to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to
view the system status and view the processed data.
 IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a
single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data
performs analysis and
hosts the application
• suitable for modelling low
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.
 IoT Level-1
• Example: Home Automation
IOT Level 2
 IOT Level 2
• Example: Smart Irrigation System

Storage , Analysis and

Decision Making

Data
Acquisition
Device with
Network
Connectivity

S
 IoT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators +
Internet = Internet of Things
• Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire +
Organise and Analyse = Internet of things with
connectivity to data centre, enterprise or cloud
server
• Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect +
Assemble + Manage and Analyse = Internet of
things with connectivity to cloud server
 Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organise
and Analyse = Internet of things with connectivity to data
centre, enterprise or cloud server
• At level 1 data of the devices (things) using sensors or the
things gather the pre data from the internet.
• A sensor connected to a gateway, functions as a smart
sensor (smart sensor refers to a sensor with computing
and communication capacity). The data then enriches at
level 2, for example, by transcoding at the gateway.
Transcoding means coding or decoding before data
transfer between two entities.
• A communication management subsystem sends or
receives data streams at level 3.
• Device management, identity management and access
management subsystems
 …Continued
• receive the device’s data at level 4.
• A data store or database acquires the data at level 5.
• Data routed from the devices and things organises
and analyses at level 6. For
• example, data is analysed for collecting business
intelligence in business processes
• Example Oracle IOT Architecture
Oracle’s IOT Architecture
 Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +
Manage and Analyse = Internet of things with
connectivity to cloud server
• Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate
the data. First level gathers the data of the things (devices) using
sensors circuits. The sensor connects to a gateway. Data then
consolidates at the second level, for example, transformation at the
gateway at level 2.
• The gateway at level 2 communicates the data streams between
levels 2 and 3. The system uses a communication-management
subsystem at level 3.
• An information service consists of connect, collect, assemble and
manage subsystems at levels 3 and 4. The services render from level
4.
• Real time series analysis, data analytics and intelligence subsystems
are also at levels 4 and 5. A cloud infrastructure, a data store or
database acquires the data at level 5
IBM Conceptual Framework or Architecture
CISCO IOT Ref Model