Introduction to

Quantitative Research
Activity 1: Finding Clues
Directions: Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of
Quantitative Research (Box A) or Qualitative Research (Box B).
1. Measurable 9. Unstructured observation
2. Behavior 10. Inductive
3. Statistical 11. Subjective
4. Narrative 12. Small sample
5. Objective 13. Tables and charts
6. Text-based 14. Deductive
7. Intervention 15. Generalizable
8. Experimental group
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses,
and kinds of quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1);
2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research
across field (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2);
3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-3);
A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
Activity 2: Let’s match
Directions: Match the following quantitative research title under
column A to its classification (research design) in column B. Write the
letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
Column A Column B
_______1. Investigating the effects of formalin A. Experimental
treated eggplants on mice
_______2. Factors affecting job satisfaction B. Descriptive
among Tech-Voc graduates
_______3. Prevalence of domestic violence in C. Ex post facto
cities declared under Enhance Community
quarantine during the Covid-19 andemic
 Column A Column B
_______4. The effects of age on social media D. Quasi-experimental
platform choice
_______5. The relationship between intelligence E. Correlational
and sports choices among high school
students F. Case Study
Research method is classified into two main types: quantitative and
qualitative. Both methods utilize specific data gathering procedure,
qualitative is generally concerned with understanding phenomenon
relating to or involving quality or kind. While quantitative is based on
the measurement or quantity. Quantitative research uses scientifically
collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable
phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or
situation that we want to unearth further or understand. It is scientific
for the fact that it uses a scientific method in designing and collecting
numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical
analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
analysis. Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the
data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name
quantitative research.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used
in qualitative research. Information like student’s grades in different subjects,
number of hours of engagement in social media platforms of teens, percentage
of consumers who prefer the color blue for soap packaging, and average of
daily Covid-19 patient recovery per region are just few examples of research
data expressed in numbers. Some data, on the other hand, are not directly
countable and thus require conversion from non-numerical information into
numerical information. For instance, determining which brand of canned
sardines is the best choice for consumers in terms of taste cannot be expressed
in numbers unless we do a survey using a rating scale. Several forms of rating
scales are available, e.g., the Likert scale that we can use to quantify data.
Usually, they come in a selection of numbers with a corresponding meaning for
each choice, for example: 1= tastes very good, 2 = satisfactory, or 3 =
undesirable. Numerical choices convert texts into numbers so the researcher
can perform mathematical operations for faster, more accurate, and more
objective analysis.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research Quantitative research is commonly
used in natural sciences research problems because of the following
characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data
must come from a large sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately,
objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal
guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation
through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and
interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less
time-consuming data analysis.
5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the
population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed,
collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized
research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large
sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be
administered simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics
like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision making.
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify
findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Advantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the advantages of quantitative research or its
strengths:
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established.
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research or its
weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as
feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more costly.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and
more specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental,
and experimental.
Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as
it occurs in nature. There is no experimental manipulation and the researcher
does not start with a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive research is only to
describe the person or object of the study. An example of descriptive research
design is “the determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how
often high school students do it during the quarantine period.”
The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is
collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for
example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and
student academic achievement.
Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous
events and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact,
looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two,
there is no experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “How does the
parent’s academic achievement affect the children obesity?”
A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of
variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has
lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here,
the independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not
modify preexisting groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is
compared to the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the effects of
unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.
Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause and effect
relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result
because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For
example, a comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading
comprehension of elementary pupils.
What’s More Activity 3: True or False
Directions: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement describes quantitative
research and FALSE if it is incorrect.
_______1. Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.
_______2. The results of quantitative research can be used to generalize and predict.
_______3. Quantitative research is flexible so at any stage, the study may change.
_______4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable, and useful than qualitative data.
_______5. The research study cannot be replicated or repeated because it is unique in
every case.
_______6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed statistically.
_______7. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be done at any stage of the process.
_______8. The behavior of the participants is observed and is critical to the analysis of
results.
_______9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
______10. In quantitative research, the researcher participates and engages the
Activity 4: Yes or No Direction: Write YES on the blank if the question requires for quantitative
approach and NO if it does not.
__________1. Are high grades in Mathematics a good indicator for employment after graduation?
__________2. Will taking brain enhancers increase examination scores?
__________3. Are there changes in consumer behavior before and after online selling was
popularized?
__________4. Do online learning materials enhance the computer skills of students?
__________5. Are there changes in the study habits of public school students before and after the
Covid-19 pandemic?
__________6. What kind of pick-up lines are most appealing to both genders at the early adult
stage?
__________7. Is there a difference in the academic performance of students using online, blended
and modular learning modalities?
__________8. Will student’s and parent’s attitudes towards distance learning change over time?
__________9. Which of the four SHS tracks (Academic, Tech-Voc, Sports, Arts & Design) is greatly
affected by the Covid-19 pandemic?
__________10. What are the factors affecting the delayed completion and submission of
assignments/tasks given to students using modular learning modality?
What I Can Do
Directions: Read and identify ten (10) different quantitative research
titles and classify them as to which quantitative design they belong.
RESEARCH TITLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.