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1a. Diode Circuits and Applications

The document discusses various diode circuit applications including: - OR and AND gates using diodes to implement logic functions - Half wave and full wave rectification of sinusoidal signals using diode circuits - Determining the peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating needed for diodes in rectifier circuits - Clipper and clamper circuits that modify signal waveforms using diodes The document provides examples, analyses, and exercises to illustrate how to analyze and design circuits using diodes for applications like logic gates, power supplies, and signal conditioning.

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Dan Chaps
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31 views

1a. Diode Circuits and Applications

The document discusses various diode circuit applications including: - OR and AND gates using diodes to implement logic functions - Half wave and full wave rectification of sinusoidal signals using diode circuits - Determining the peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating needed for diodes in rectifier circuits - Clipper and clamper circuits that modify signal waveforms using diodes The document provides examples, analyses, and exercises to illustrate how to analyze and design circuits using diodes for applications like logic gates, power supplies, and signal conditioning.

Uploaded by

Dan Chaps
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIODE CIRCUITS

and
DIODE APPLICATIONS

•
09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 1
The OR gate
• The network to be analyzed is an OR gate for positive logic. That is, the 10-V level is assigned
a “1” for Boolean algebra and the 0-V input is assigned a “0.” An OR gate is such that the
output voltage level will be a 1 if either or both inputs is a 1. The output is a 0 if both inputs
are at the 0 level. Using the approximate equivalent model of the diode

𝐸 −𝑉 𝐾 − 𝑉 𝑂=0

𝑉 𝑂=10 − 0.7=9.3 𝑉
09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 2
The AND gate

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 3


Sinusoidal inputs – half wave rectification
• The diode analysis will now be expanded to include time-varying functions such as the
sinusoidal waveform. Using the ideal model.

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 4


Half wave rectification using the approximate equivalent model

𝒗 𝒊 −𝟎 . 𝟕 − 𝒗 𝑶 =𝟎

𝒗 𝑶 =𝒗 𝒊 −𝟎 . 𝟕

𝒗 𝑶𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝑽 𝒎 −𝑽 𝑲

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 5


The Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) or the Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV)
• The peak inverse voltage (PIV) [or PRV (peak reverse voltage)] rating is the voltage rating
that must not be exceeded in the reverse-bias region or the diode will enter the Zener
avalanche region. KVL anticlockwise with diode in the reverse bias

𝑉 𝑚 − 𝑉 ( 𝑃𝐼𝑉 )=0

𝑃𝐼𝑉 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 )=𝑉 𝑚

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 6


Bridge Full wave rectification
• Period t 0 to T/2.
• The resulting polarities across the ideal diodes reveal that D 2 and D 3 are conducting,
whereas D 1 and D 4 are in the “off” state. Since the diodes are ideal, the load voltage is

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 7


Bridge Full wave rectification
• Period T/2 to T
• For the negative region of the input the conducting diodes are D 1 and D 4

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 8


Determining for silicon diodes in the bridge configuration.
• If silicon rather than ideal diodes are employed and the application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law
around the conduction path

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 9


PIV for each diode
• The required PIV of each diode (ideal) can be determined from the peak of the positive region
of the input signal. For the indicated loop the maximum voltage across R is and the PIV rating
is defined by

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 10


Centre-tapped Transformer
• During the positive portion of v i applied to the primary of the transformer, a positive pulse
appear across each section of the secondary coil. D 1 assumes the short-circuit equivalent and
D 2 the open-circuit equivalent, as determined by the secondary voltages and the resulting
current directions. Same with negative pulse

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 11


PIV or PRV
• T he network shows how to determine the net PIV for each diode for this full-wave rectifier.
Inserting the maximum voltage for the secondary voltage and V m as established by the
adjoining loop results in

𝑷𝑰𝑽 −𝑽 𝒎 −𝑽 𝒎=𝟎

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 12


Drill exercise

• Determine the output waveform for the network shown and calculate the output dc level and the
required PIV of each diode. For positive half cycle

1 1 1
𝑉 𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 10 ) =5 𝑉
𝑣𝑂= 𝑣𝑖 2 2
2

𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥5 𝑉

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 13


•

BREAK

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 14


CLIPPERS
• Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a portion of an input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform.
• Series clipper

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 15


Series Clipper with a dc supply
• The response is not as obvious because the dc supply can aid or work against the source voltage, and the dc
supply can be in the leg between the supply and output or in the branch parallel to the output.
• 1. Take careful note of where the output voltage is defined.
• 2. Try to develop an overall sense of the response by simply noting the “pressure” established by each supply and the
effect it will have on the conventional current direction through the diode.
• 3. Determine the applied voltage (transition voltage) that will result in a change of state for the diode from the “off” to
the “on” state.
• 4. It is often helpful to draw the output waveform directly below the applied voltage using the same scales for the
horizontal axis and the vertical axis.

𝑣 𝑖 −𝑉 =0
𝑣 𝑖 − 𝑉 − 𝑣 𝑂 =0
𝑣 𝑖 =𝑉
𝑣 𝑂 =𝑣 𝑖 −𝑉 𝑊h𝑒𝑛 𝑣 𝑖=𝑉 𝑡h𝑒𝑛 𝑣 𝑂=0

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 16


Drill exercise
• Determine the output waveform for the sinusoidal input of figure shown.

𝑣 𝑖 +𝑉 − 𝑣 𝑂=0

𝑣 𝑂 =𝑣 𝑖 +5

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 17


Parallel clipper
•

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 18


Drill exercise Parallel clipper

• Determine for the network.


• In this example the output is defined across the series combination of the 4-V supply and the
diode, not across the resistor R.
• Diode is ON during the negative half cycle

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 19


Clampers
• A clamper is a network constructed of a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor that shifts a
waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the applied signal.
• Clamping networks have a capacitor connected directly from input to output with a resistive
element in parallel with the output signal. The diode is also in parallel with the output signal
but may or may not have a series dc supply as an added element.

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 20


Clampers
• Step 1: Start the analysis by examining the response of the portion of the input signal that
will forward bias the diode.
• Step 2: During the period that the diode is in the “on” state, assume that the capacitor will
charge up instantaneously to a voltage level determined by the surrounding nework.

𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑂𝑁 −𝑉 − 𝑉 − 𝑣 𝑂=0

𝑣 𝑂 =−2 𝑉

𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣 𝑖=𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣 𝑂

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 21


Drill exercise
• Determine for the network for the input indicated.
1 1 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜏=𝑅𝐶=100 𝑥 10 3 𝑥 1 𝑥 10 −6 =10 𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇 = = 3 =1 𝑚𝑠
𝑓 10

𝑣 𝑂 =5 𝑉

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 22


Homework Drill
• Determine for the network for the input indicated using silicon diodes with forward voltage
V

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 23


THE END

09/19/2022 ANALOGUE DESIGN DIODE APPLICATIONS 24

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