Introduction

Introduction to petroleum refinery,

Classification of Crude oil, Characterization of
crude oil, Composition of crude Physical
properties: Crude oil; analysis and distillation,
Introduction to refinery "feedstock/s" and
refinery products. ASTM nomenclature (ASTM
test numbers and their meaning)Introduction
to various codes required for
petroleum industry
 Distribution of world energy resources.

• Coal -28%
• Nuclear energy -6%
• Hydroelectric 6%
• Oil -36%
• Natural Gas -24%
•Tiny Plants and animals died – over time – Covered by many layers
of silt and sand

•Over millions of years – enormous heat and pressure - oil and gas

•Drilling of rock
 Onshore Offshore
Drilling deep holes under the Drilling relates to drilling underneath the
earth’s surface   seabed.
Less time is required Longer time
Investment –less Investment –high
-Rigs are the more classic Bottom-supported units - rigs that have
drilling equipment contact with the seafloor.
-Different sizes and strengths. -submersible bottom-supported units
-Classified by their maximum -jack up units that are supported by
drilling depth and their structured columns.
mobility. Floating units - not come in direct
-Conventional land rigs contact with the ocean floor
cannot be moved as a whole -instead float on the water. Some are
unit and are typically used in partially submerged and anchored to the
the petroleum industry sea bed – others are drilling ships which
can drill at different water depths.
Cost can be lowered Cost remains the same
 UPSTREAMS OPERATIONS DOWNSTREAMS OPERATIONS

Upstream oil and gas -Refineries and marketing.

operations Crude oil processing in usable
-Identify deposits, drill wells, products such as gasoline, fuel
and recover raw materials from oils, and petroleum-based
underground. products.
-Rig operations Marketing services help move
-Feasibility studies, the finished products
-Machinery rental and
extraction
-Chemical supply.

Midstream  operations - resource transportation and storage,

pipelines and gathering systems.
 
•Largest crude oil suppliers to India

•Iraq
•Saudi Arabia
•Iran
•Kuwait slips
Countries –Import crude oil Countries –Exports crude oil
Number Country Number Country

1 China 1 Saudi Arabia

 
2  US
2 Russia
3 India
3 Iraq
4 Japan
4  Canada
5  South Korea
5  United Arab
6 Germany Emirates
7 Philippines 6  Nigeria
8 Italy 7  US
9 Spain 8 Angola
9 Kuwait
10  UK
10  Venezuela
No. Refinery Oil company State Location
1 Jamnagar Refinery Reliance Industries Limited Gujarat Jamnagar
2 Jamnagar Refinery Reliance Industries Limited Gujarat Jamnagar
3 Essar Refinery Essar Oil Limited Gujarat Vadinar
4 Kochi Refinery Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Kerala Kochi
5 Panipat Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Haryana Panipat
6 Paradip Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Odisha Paradip
7 Mangalore Refinery and ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited Karnataka Mangalore
Petrochemicals Limited
8 Gujarat Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Gujarat Koyali
9 Mumbai Refinery Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Maharashtra Mumbai
10 Guru Gobind Singh Refinery Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited and Punjab Bathinda
Hindustan Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL)
11 Manali Refinery Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited Tamil Nadu Chennai
12 Visakhapatnam Refinery Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam
13 Mathura Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Uttar Pradesh Mathura
14 Haldia Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited West Bengal Haldia
15 Bina Refinery Bharat Oman Refineries Limited Madhya Pradesh Bina
16 Barauni Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Bihar Barauni
17 Numaligarh Refinery Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Oil Assam Numaligarh
India and Government of Assam
18 Bongaigaon Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Assam Bongaigaon
19 Guwahati Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Assam Guwahati
20 Nagapattnam Refinery Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam
21 Digboi Refinery Indian Oil Corporation Limited Assam Digboi
22 Tatipaka Refinery Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Andhra Pradesh Tatipaka
 The "crude oil" pumped -black liquid - petroleum.

-hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources

worldwide
-crude oil - its own unique composition
 Composition of crude oil
•Paraffins(CnH2n+2)
•-saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains,
but without any ring structure.

•Paraffin hydrocarbon -Alkanes, any of the saturated

hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2

•C- being a carbon atom, H- a hydrogen atom, and n an

integer.

•Major constituents of natural gas and petroleum.

• Paraffins containing fewer than 5 carbon atoms per

molecule are usually gaseous at room temperature.
•having 5 to 15 carbon atoms are usually liquids
•eg -???????

•straight-chain paraffins -more than 15 carbon atoms

per molecule are solids.
•n- Pentadecane- C15H32
•n-hexadecane -C16H34
•
Paraffins:
•15 to 60% of crude –Paraffins
•A carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2, -they contain twice the amoun
of hydrogen as they do carbon.
•hydrocarbon fuel with a higher H/C has a higher net heating value
•The cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuels can be predicted
reasonably to a certain extent on the basis of H/C values
•straight or branched chains, but never cyclic (circular) compounds.
•Paraffins are the desired content in crude and are used to make
fuels.
•The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is.
•Branched-chain paraffins have a much higher Octane number
rating than straight-chain paraffins - more desirable constituents of
gasoline.
•Alkanes with branched chains -basis of the name of the longest chain
of carbon atoms in the molecule, called the parent.
•All hydrocarbons-Immiscible with water and are colourless
•Cycloparaffins (CnH2n)(naphthenes)-
•saturated hydrocarbons - one or more rings, each of which
may have one or more paraffin
•Ex. cyclopentane, cyclohexane(C6H12), and cycloheptane)

Napthenes:
•These can make up 30 to 60% of crude
•These are cyclic compounds - as cycloparaffins.
•They are higher in density than equivalent paraffins and are more
viscous.
•Olefins-called alkene-contains one or more pairs of
carbon atoms linked by a double bond.
•unsaturated hydrocarbons (compounds that contain
only hydrogen and carbon and at least one double or
triple bond
•Usually not in crude oil
•Formed During Processing
•At least two carbon atoms connected by double
bond
•Aromatics-(CnH2n-6)
•hydrocarbons containing one or more aromatic nuclei
such as benzene, naphthalene(C10H8), and
phenanthrene(C14H10) ring systems that may be linked
up with (substituted) naphthalene rings or paraffin side-
chains.
•'sweet' or aromatic odor.
•Benzene, toluene, and xylene -used as chemical
feedstocks, solvents, and as additives to gasoline to
increase octane number .
Aromatics:
•These can constitute from 3 to 30% of crude.
•Undesirable because burning them results in soot.
•Much less hydrogen in comparison to carbon than found
in paraffins.
•More viscous.
•Often solid or semi-solid when an equivalent paraffin
would be a viscous liquid under the same conditions.
Asphaltics:
•6% in most crude.
•They have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of approximately
1:1, making them very dense.
•Undesirable in crude, but their 'stickiness' makes them
excellent for use in road construction.
Crude oil :- Color: Light brown to dark brown
Sp.gr: 0.81—0.985
Boiling range : 25 – 400oC
Hydrocarbons C1- C70 (4000 compounds)
Metals: V, Fe, Ni
S-( H2S,Thiols (mercaptans), sulfides, di sulfides, poly
ulfides and thiophenes).
Cause corrosion of equipments, bad odour in products,
atalyst poisoning, Air pollution.
N –Indols, pyridines and quinolenes (Difficult to remove).
Oxygen compounds: present as naphthenic acids and
henols
Corrosive in nature and cause odour.
Metal: act as catalyst poisons
The API gravity is nothing more than the standard specific
gravity used by the oil industry, which compares the density
of oil to that of water through a calculation designed to
ensure consistency in measurement.
API gravity = (141.5/Specific Gravity) – 131.5

API gravity moves inversely to density, which means

the denser an oil is, the lower its API gravity will be.
Light crude oil -API gravity higher than 31.1°API

Medium oil -API gravity between 22.3°API and31.1°API

Heavy oil -API gravity below 22.3 °API.

Petroleum industry which refine crude oil into more useful petroleum
products, such as :
•Gasoline
•diesel fuel
•asphalt base
•heating oil
•kerosene
•liquefied petroleum gas by fractional distillation.

Element Wt%

Carbon 84-87
Hydrogen 11-14
Sulfur 0-5
Nitrogen 0-0.2
Other elements 0-0.1
 Types of Refineries

• Large
• Integrated
• Multinational
• Large- and medium-sized domestic refineries
• Independent refineries.
• Offshore and onshore

• The petroleum industry often names crude based on the

oil's geographical source – for example “West Texas
Intermediate.”
• Crude oil :Also known as black gold
• thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid
• found in the upper strata of some regions of the
Earth's crust
• Complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, (mainly,
alkanes), along with trances of other chemicals and
compounds (e.g. Sulphur)
• Ranges in density from very light to very heavy
• Crude oil can be categorized as
• Sweet crude-where the sulphur content less than
0.5%)
• Sour crude-where the sulphur content is at least
2.5%)
 The process of transforming crude oil into finished
petroleum products (that the market demands) is
called crude oil refining

• A fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two

categories:

• Refined Product: A crude oil fraction which contains a

lot of individual hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, asphalt,
waxes, and lubricants)

• Petrochemical Product: A crude oil fraction which

contain one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity
(e.g. benzene, toluene, and ethylene).
 Classification of Crude oil
• Mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds - size from the
smallest, methane, with only one carbon atom, to large
compounds containing 300 and more carbon atoms.
• A major portion of crude oil - paraffins or isomers of paraffins.
• Classified based on physical characteristics and chemical
composition, using terms such as “sweet” or “sour,” “light” or
“heavy.”
• Low sulfur content -“sweet Crude oil
• Higher sulfur content -“sour.”
• Sulfur content -undesirable characteristic with respect to both
processing and end-product quality.
• Sweet crude is typically more desirable and valuable than sour
crude.
• “Toxicity” refers to how harmful an oil -might be to
humans ,other living organisms, , land and water.
• The lighter the oil, the more toxic it is considered. 
• Environmental Protection Agency -classified crude oil in four
categories that reflect how the oil would behave in spills
• Class A: They are light and in liquid form ,
• Clear and volatile - can spread quickly on impervious surfaces
and on water.
• Odor -strong, evaporate quickly, emitting volatiles. Usually
flammable,
• Penetrate porous surfaces, such as dirt and sand, and may
remain in areas into which they seep.
• Humans, fish, plant , animal life face the danger of toxicity to
Class A oils.
• Class B: Considered less toxic than Class A,
• Generally non-sticky but feel waxy or oily.
• Class B oils soak into surfaces; hard to remove.
• When volatile components of Class B oils evaporate, the result
can be a Class C or D residue. Class B includes medium to heavy
oils.
• Class C: heavy, tarry oils, which include residual fuel oils and
medium to heavy crudes, are slow to seep into porous solids and
are not highly toxic.
• Class C oils are difficult to flush away and can sink in water and
can smother or drown wildlife.
• Class D: Non-fluid, thick oils , non-toxic and don’t seep into
porous surfaces. Mostly black or dark brown
• tend to dissolve and cover surfaces when hot, which makes
them hard to clean up.
Heavy crude oils, such as the bitumen found in tar sands
 Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline
5 - 15 % Naturally occuring
20 - 30 % hydrocarbon molecules do 40 - 45%
Distillate not meet customer needs.
20 - 25%
Distillate The refining processes must Distillate
adjust the molecules, reshape
25 - 35% Heavy Fuel 30 - 35%
Oil them and remove contaminants Heavy Fuel
60 - 75% to ensure they meet Oil
Heavy Fuel requirements for: ~10%
Oil - end use performance
35 - 55% - environmental performance Asphalt ~5%
Other ~5 -10%
Light Crude Heavy Crude Example
Product Product Product
Composition Composition Demand
• Characterization of petroleum fractions and crude oils
depends on properties of pure hydrocarbons.
• Major two groups
• Temperature-independent
• Temperature- dependent

• Specific gravity (SG)-

The specific gravity is also presented in terms of API gravity.
• It is a useful parameter to characterize petroleum fluids,
• To determine composition (PNA) and the quality of a Fuel
(i.e., sulfur content),
• use for size calculations (i.e., pumps, valves, tanks, and pipes),
also needed in design and operation of equipments such as
gravity decanters.
• Boiling point (Tb) or distillation curves such as the true
boiling point curve of petroleum fractions
• It is used to determine volatility
• To estimate characterization parameters such as
• average boiling point,
• Molecular weight, composition,
• and many physical properties
• i.e., critical constants, vapor pressure, thermal properties,
transport properties
• Refractive index (n) = at some reference conditions is
another useful characterization parameter to estimate
the composition and quality of petroleum fractions. It
is also used to estimate other physical properties Such
as molecular weight, equation of state parameters,
the critical constants, or transport properties of
hydrocarbon systems .
• Defined characterization parameters such as Watson
K, carbon-to-hydrogen weight ratio, (CH weight ratio),
• Heat capacity (Cp) of a fluid is needed in design and
operation of heat transfer units such as heat
exchangers.
• Heats of formation ,heat of combustion , and heat
of reaction --used in calculation of heating values of
fuels and the heat required/generated in reactors
and furnaces in refineries.
• Essential in design and Operations of burners,
furnaces, and chemical reactors.
• Enthalpy -needed in energy balance calculations,
heat requirements needed in design and operation
of distillation, absorption, stripping columns, and
reactors.
• Heat of vaporization - calculation of heat
requirements in design and operation of reboilers
or condensers.
• Viscosity -
• The amount of pressure drop in a pipe or column,
flow measurement devices,
• Design of operation of oil/water separators.
• Thermal conductivity (k) - needed for design and
operation of heat transfer units such as
condensers, heat ex- changers, as well as chemical
reactors .
• Diffusivity or diffusion coefficient (D) -calculation
of mass transfer rates and it is a useful property in
design and operation of reactors in refineries
where feed and products diffuse in catalyst pores.
• A gas injection technique is used in improved oil
recovery where a gas diffuses into oil under reservoir
conditions; therefore, diffusion coefficient is required.
• Surface tension (a) or interfacial tension (IFT) - used
mainly by the reservoir engineers in calculation of
capillary pressure and rate of oil production.
• In refineries, IFT is a useful parameter to determine
foaming characteristics of oils and the possibility of
having such problems in distillation, absorption, or
stripping columns .
• It is also needed in calculation of the rate of oil
dispersion on Seawater surface polluted by an oil
spill .
• Equilibrium ratio and fugacity coefficients - the most
important thermodynamic properties in all phase behavior
calculations. Important in design and operation of
distillation, absorption and stripping units, gas-processing
units, gas-oil separators at production fields, and to
determine the type of a reservoir fluid.
• Composition of petroleum fractions in terms of wt% of
paraffins (P%), naphthenes (N%), aromatics (A%), and
sulfur content (S%) ----- important to determine the
quality of a Petroleum fraction as well as to estimate
physical properties
• Composition of other constituents such as asphaltene and
resin - important for heavy oils to determine possibility of
solid-phase deposition, a major problem in the production,
refining, and transportation of oil.
•Pour point (Tp), and Melting point (TM) –
• limited uses in wax and paraffinic heavy oils to determine the degree of
solidification and the wax content as well as minimum temperature
required to ensure Fluidity of the oil.
• Aniline point - a rough estimate of aromatic content of oils.
•The aniline point for a hydrocarbon or a petroleum fraction is defined as
the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of liquid
hydrocarbon and Aniline are miscible.
•Flash point (TF) –The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest
temperature at which vapours of the material will ignite in air
• useful property for the safety of handling volatile fuels and
petroleum products especially in summer seasons.

• Flammability range - Combustion occurs when hydrocarbon

concentration In the air is within a certain range. This range is called
flammability range and is usually expressed in terms of lower and upper
• Octane number - defined to characterize antiknock
characteristic of a fuel (gasoline)for spark ignition engines.
Octane number is a measure of fuel's ability to resist auto-
ignition during compression and prior to ignition.
• Higher octane number fuels have better engine
performance.
• The octane number of a fuel is measured based on two
reference hydrocarbons of n-heptane with an assigned
octane number of zero and isooctane (2,2,4-
trimethylpentane) with assigned octane number of 100. A
mixture of 70 vol% isooctane and 30 vol% n-heptane has an
octane number of 70.
• Two methods of measuring octane number of a fuel in
the laboratory.
• 1. Motor octane number (MON)
• 2. Research octane number (RON).
• The MON is indicative of high-speed performance (900
rpm) and is measured under heavy road conditions
(ASTM D 357).
• The RON is indicative of normal road performance
under Low engine speed (600 rpm) city driving
conditions (ASTM D 908).
• The third type of octane number is defined as posted
octane number (PON), which is the Arithmetic average
of the MON and RON [PON = (MON + RON)/2].
• The octane number of a fuel can be improved by
adding tetra- ethyl-lead (TEL),methyl-tertiary-butyl-
ether (MTBE) and ferrocene-Organometallic
compound -Fe(C5H5)2.
• methyl t-butyl ether is perfectly acceptable.
• In addition to branching, MTBE also provided
oxygen, which helps fuel burn more efficiently, and
cuts down on carbon monoxide formation. 
• Other additives called aromatic hydrocarbons
(toluene, xylene) can also increase the performance
of gasoline, but they have their own toxicity and
combustion issues
• Carbon-to-Hydrogen Weight Ratio
The ratio of total weight of carbon atoms to the total weight of
hydrogen in a compound or a mixture and is used to
characterize a hydrocarbon compound.
• Watson characterization factor
•   K = (TB)1/3/specific gravity
•  Where TB is the average boiling point in degrees
• R taken from five temperatures corresponding to 10, 30, 50,
70 and 90 volume % vaporized.
• Varies between 10.5 and 13 for various crude streams.
• Highly paraffinic crude K factor of 13
• Highly naphthenic crude K factor of 10.5
• Watson characterization factor can be used to judge upon
the quality of the crude oil
 • TBP/ASTM distillation curves
• most important characterization properties of the
crude/intermediate/product streams -TBP/ASTM distillation
curves.
• Both these distillation curves are measured at 1 atm pressure.
• In both these cases, the boiling points of various volume
fractions are being measured.
• The basic difference between TBP curve and ASTM distillation
curve is - TBP curve is measured using batch distillation
apparatus consisting of no less than 100 trays and very high
reflux ratio.
• The ASTM distillation is measured in a single stage apparatus
without any reflux.
• Therefore, the ASTM does not indicate a good separation of
various components and indicates the operation of the
laboratory setup far away from the equilibrium.
AT THE TOP OF THE DISTILLATION AT THE BOTTOM OF THE
COLUMN DISTILLATION COLUMN

Short carbon chains Long carbon chains

Light molecules Heavy molecules

Low boiling points High boiling points

Gases & very runny Thick, viscous liquids

liquids
Very volatile Low volatility

Light colour Dark colour

Highly flammable Not very flammable

 Number of Boiling Point
Name Uses
Carbon Atoms (°C)

Refinery Gas 3 or 4 below 30 Bottled Gas (propane or butane).

Gasoline 7 to 9 100 to 150 Fuel for car engines.

Naphtha 6 to 11 70 to 200 Solvents and used in gasoline.

Kerosene
(paraffin) 11 to 18 200 to 300 Fuel for aircraft and stoves.

Diesel Oil 11 to 18 200 to 300 Fuel for road vehicles and trains.

Lubricating 18 to 25 300 to 400 Lubricant for engines and

Oil machines.

Fuel Oil 20 to 27 350 to 450 Fuel for ships and heating.

Greases and
25 to 30 400 to 500 Lubricants and candles.
Wax

Bitumen above 35 above 500 Road surface and roofing.

 ASTM TESTS

•ASTM's petroleum standards = instrumental in the

evaluation and assessment of the physical, mechanical,
rheological, thermal, and chemical properties of crude oils,
lubricating grease, automobile and aviation gasoline,
hydrocarbons
•Testing is done for their composition, purity, density,
miscibility and compatibility , toxicity, and thermal stability
with other fluids and materials.
•These petroleum standards allow petroleum refineries,
automotive and aviation companies, and other geological and
chemical processing plants to appropriately examine and
process these fuel oils ensure their quality towards safe and
efficient use.
 Table 3.1: The most important ASTM tests in petroleum refining.

ASTM Standard
No. Test Fraction
Test Number
Lighter
1. Atm Distillation D 86
Atm resid and
2. Vac Distillation heavier D 1160
API & specific
3. gravity All D287-92
4. BS&W Crude Oil Feed D 96-88
Octane Number
5. (Motor/Research) Gasoline D 357/D 908
6. Molecular Weight All D2503
7. RVP Light fractions D323-94
8. Lamp Sulfur All D1266
9. Doctor test All D325
10. Flash point Naphtha & gasoline D56-97A
 ASTM Standard
No. Test Fraction
Test Number
11. Freezing point Kerosene D2386
12. Smoke point kerosene (ATK) D1322
13. Viscosity (Saybolt universal) Heavy fractions D88
14. Viscosity (Kinematic) Heavy fractions D445
15. Pour point Diesel and heavier D97-96a
16. Cloud Point Diesel and lighter D2500
17. Color (clear liquids) Diesel and lighter D1209-93
18. PNA/PINA/ PONA/PIONA Naphtha and kerosene D5443–93
19. Refractive Index (RI) All D1218-92
20. Aniline point All D611
21. Cetane Index Diesel D976
22. Cetane number Diesel D613
23. Conradson carbon Heavy fractions D189-97
24. Ramsbottom carbon Heavy fractions D524
25. H/C ratio All D5291
26. Heating value (net/gross) All D240/D4809
Flammability Limits
27. (upper/lower) All E681
28. Salt, PTB Crude oil D3230/D6470
 Standard Test Number: ASTM D86-96, D1160
Principle: physical separation (vaporization)
Procedure

A 100 ml sample, placed in a flask, is heated in a regulated rate (so that a uniform
average rate of condensation in ml/min is maintained). This rate varied from zero to
5V% recovered, from 5 to 10 V% recovered and so on.
When the first drop appears at the lower end of the condenser tube, the thermometer
reading (vapor temperature) is recorded as the initial boiling point (IBP).
Temperature readings are recorded at several V% distilled to the final boiling point
(FBP) and heating is discontinued.
After the flask has cooled the volume of remaining liquid is measured and recorded as
the recovery.
For heavy fractions, heating is discontinued when decomposition point is observed the
vapor reaches a maximum temperature then starts declining before the end point.
 Vol% T (ºF)
IBP 100
5 106
10 112
20 122
30 130
40 139
50 148
60 157
70 166
80 185
90 194
95 202
FBP 205
Recovery 98 %
Colour Description
Used for the identification of fire protection equipment
Red
(e.g. sprinkler system) and dangerous/hazardous areas.
Designates the dangerous parts of machines and
Orange
equipment.
Used to mark physical hazards (e.g. risk of slipping,
tripping, falling, etc.) and materials (e.g. toxic or
Yellow
corrosive substances, poisonous gases, etc.) potentially
hazardous to life/property.
Indicates First Aid equipment and materials/areas that
Green
involve no hazard to life/property.
Indicates safety information on signs and bulletin
Blue
boards.
Purple In industrial settings, purple indicates radiation hazards.
Combinations of black and white are used to indicate
Black and White
trafficked areas.
Colour Description

Used to paint clarified or settled water

Aqua
pipes.
Olive Green Designates raw water pipes.
Dark Blue Indicates potable water pipe systems.
Blue with Black Combination used to mark non-potable
Band water.
Blue with Red Combination that indicates water for
Band heating buildings.
Light and Medium Used in pump stations, for pressure and
Blue section lines.
Red Used for fire sprinkler systems.
Color Description
Brown Indicates backwash waste and sludge.
Dark Gray Designates the sewer system.
Clay Used for the effluent sewage system.

Brown/Black,
Brown/Yellow,
Color combinations used for different
Brown/Orange,
sludge lines.
Brown,
Orange/Red

Orange/Red with This combination is used to indicate gas

Black Band lines.
Colour Description
White Used to indicate ammonia.
Black Designates carbon slurry systems.
Yellow Indicates chlorine gas/solution.
Yellow with Red Band A color combination used to designate sulfuric acid.

Yellow with Orange Band Used to indicate ozone.

Orange Designates alum or primary coagulants.
Orange with Green Band Indicates coagulant aids and polymers.

Yellow with Green Band Used to indicate caustic substances.

Light Green Designates lime slurry systems.
Light Green with Yellow
Combination that indicates sulfur dioxide.
Band
Light Green with Red Band Indicates phosphate compounds.
Light Green with Orange
Used for soda ash.
Band
Light Blue with Red Band Designates fluoride pipe systems in industrial applications.

Violet Used to indicate potassium permanganate lines.

Colour Description

Red Used to paint gas pipes.

Dark Green Indicates compressed air pipe system.

Orange Used for steam pipes.

Ivory Designates oil pipes.

Yellow Used for hoists/trolleys.

Light Grey Used to paint other pipe systems.

Colour Description
Toxic. Chemical is hazardous to health if ingested, inhaled or absorbed
through the skin. Store separately in a secure area.

Reagent presents no more than a moderate hazard in any category.

General chemical storage.

Flammable. Store separately only with other flammable chemicals in a

flammable liquid storage area.

Reactive/Oxidizer.& May react violently with water, air or other chemicals.

Store separate from combustible and flammable reagents.
 

Corrosive. May be harmful to eyes, mucous membranes, and skin. Store

White separate from combustible and flammable chemicals.
Introduction to various codes required for petroleum
industry