讲题 : Angles measurement

Chapter 5 Angles measurement

§5.1 Definition of horizontal and vertical angles
§5.2 introduction to the theodolites
 Angles surveying
Main contents:
please understand the surveying principle of the
horizontal angle and vertical angle , please grasp the
theodolite DJ6 operation, please grasp the
observation method and calculation method of
the horizontal angle and vertical angle .
Main purpose:
Understand the angle surveying principle,
grasps the angle surveying method.
 angles surveying is one of the most important
required in surveying and construction.
Angles are usually measured by using a
theodolite or a total station.
Angles surveying include:
(1) surveying Horizontal [hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l] angle
(2) surveying vertical angle
 Chapter 5 Angles surveying

一、 Horizontal angle (HA)

Level dish
HA ： two direction lines from the
b
0
same point o a
A
constituted [‘kɒnstɪtjuːt] a
space angle , it is projected to (O
投影 ) a horizontal plane along B

the vertical direction to form HA

a ve
Le

（  ）. o  ne
pl a l

b
Question: how to measure a Horizontal angle
in math ? Do you know??

a1 b1
A
1
We can use angle protractor [prə'træktə] to
measure horizontal angle .

protractor

b a1 b1
A
a 1
In surveying ,we must use theodolite to measure
horizontal angle.
So , on the theodolite, it has a device like the
protractor, the device play the role of the
protractor . We call the device “horizontal
scale ”
the surveying principle of the horizontal angle :
a horizontal scale is placed over a ground point
C , it is marked the angle reading from 0 °to 360° in
clockwise ( 顺时针 ) manner and then we will
draw two vertical planes containing the line of
sight CA and CB .
The two vertical planes will intersect [ɪntə‘sekt]
with( 与 - 相交 ) horizontal scale, and then get
the relevant ['relɪv(ə)nt] readings.
The two vertical planes will intersect
[ɪntə‘sekt] with( 与 - 相交 ) horizontal scale,
calculate ：

=???
calculate ：

b=L1
=The right target B['tɑːgɪt]
reading a-The left targetA a=L2

reading b
For the two target,it has two
cases:
When a ≥b, β= a – b
When a<b , β= a+3600 – b
 Horizontal angle are used to determine
bearing [‘beərɪŋ]( 方位 ) and directions in
control surveys.
They are used for locating detail when
mapping and they are essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] for （
对、必不可少） setting out all types of structure.
二、 The vertical angle (VA)
VA——A angle is formed by a space direction line and
a horizontal direction.
 =0 。－ 90 。
vertical angle include positive vertical angle and
negative vertical angle . A
zenith
 the relationship between Space
ZA
of vertical direction line ZC
0°
and the zenith Z : A horizontal
270° 90 °
B C
Z  90    180°
plu
mb
lin
e
 When the space line is above the
horizontal direction ,The vertical angle is also
called elevation angle( 仰角 ), it is positive.
When the space line is below the
horizontal direction ,The vertical angle is also
called depression angle （俯角） ,it is
negative.
 Please look at the picture, the vertical angle
of point A is negative or positive?
the vertical angle of point C is negative or
positive?
 zenith A
ZA
ZC
0°
A horizontal
270° 90 °
B C
180°
plu
mb
lin
e C
The vertical angle surveying principle:

a vertical scale is placed over a ground point

C , it is marked the angle reading from 0-360 in
clockwise ( 顺时针 ) manner or anticlockwise
manner.
We can get the readings of the sight line BA
and the horizontal direction through the
vertical circle .
 So , on the theodolite, it has a device like the
protractor, the device play the role of the
protractor .
 Vertical angle are used when determining the
elevation （高程） of points by
trigonometrical [,trɪgənə‘mɛtrɪkl] methods( 通过
三角测量方法 ), and can be used to calculate slope
corrections （倾斜改正） for horizontal
distance.
 zenith A
ZA
ZC
0°
A horizontal
270° 90 °
B C
180°
plu
mb
lin
e
 5.2 Introduction to theodolites

Theodolites are precision instruments.

There are two types of theodolites, the
optical mechanical [mi‘kænikəl] type or the
electronic digital type.
The electronic [ɪlek'trɒnɪk] theodolite is the
main instruments for angle measurement on
site ( 在工地 ) and elsewhere （其他地方） ,
but optical theodolites are still in use.
 Both optical and electronic theodolites will be
described in this chapter, but it focuses on the
former.
Theodolites are divided into five levels （等级
） , i.e. Dj07 Dj1,Dj2 ,Dj6 and Dj15 , which are
according to instrument accuracy.
 “D” and “J” indicate the first letter of Chinese
phonetic alphabet [‘ælfəbet] （字母表） for "da
di ce liang " and "jing wei yi" respectively. Their
subscripts indicate the accuracy of measuring
angle. for example, DJ6 indicates 6" level
theodolite.
 General engineering measurement used most:
DJ6 level optical theodolite.
一、 Structure of DJ6 optical theodolite

An optical theodolite consists of three fundamenta

parts ：
1 、 the tribrach ['traɪbræk] （三角基座） at the
base,
2 、 the horizontal scale in the middle
3 、 the alidade ['ælɪdeɪd] at the top.
Its structure is shown in Fig. 5-3a.
 alidade
照准部 the alidade (top)
horizontal scale (middle) horizontal circle

基座 the tribrach (base)

tribrach
 §3-2 Optical theodolite
DJ6 optical theodolite
§3-2 Optical theodolite(transit)
二、 DJ6 level optical theodolite
 §5-2 Optical theodolite
1 、 the alidade ['ælɪdeɪd]
The alidade includes ：
the standards( 机架 ), telescope,
vertical scale, horizontal scale,
circle reading system, plate level (i.
e. tubular level) , upper plate
clamp and tangent [tændʒənt] 
screw （上盘的制动和微动螺
旋） etc.
2. Horizontal circle
　　　 There is a facility （
装置） for altering （改
变） the position of the
horizontal circle within the
instrument and this is
achieved using one control
only, called the horizontal
circle setting knob or screw
（微动螺旋） which can
rotate the horizontal circle
to any reading required
( see Fig. 5-3b) .
2. horizontal scale
00

270
270 

90
90
180
180

clockwise
The horizontal and vertical scale are
made of glass.
The angle graduations are etched on the
horizontal and vertical circles.
DJ6 级光学经纬仪构造
DJ6 级 光学 经 纬 仪
3. 基座 ( tribrach )

The tribrach supports the instrument and it is

supported by the three foot-screws( 脚螺旋 ).
The optical theodolite has the facility [fə'sɪləti]
for detaching( 分离 ) the upper part of the
theodolite from the tribrach.
二、 Sighting devices( 瞄准设备 )
The alidade involves a telescopic  [telɪ'skɒpɪk]
sighting device , the telescopic sighting device is
mounted （安装） on a horizontal axis.
the telescope can be pointed freely （自由指
向） in any direction. In particular, when the
telescope may be rotated 180º through the horizontal
axis, the telescope points in the opposite direction
after rotation.
This process is also known as plunging ['plʌndʒɪŋ]
( 纵转 ).
The telescope consists of four parts:
(1) an objective lens （物镜） is at the forward （
前端） of the telescope, which produces （产生
） a reversed [rɪ'vɝst] （倒立的） and reduced
（缩小的） object image;
(2) an eyepiece （目镜） can magnifie ['mæɡnɪfaɪə]
（放大） the cross- hairs according to the
eyesight( 视力 ) of the observer;
3. Vertical scale
A vertical scaleis mounted on the horizontal
axis and it is at one side of the telescope.
The vertical scale rotates with the telescope.
DJ6 级光学经纬仪构造
 A surveyor  [sə'veɪə] faces to the telescope
eyepiece （目镜） end, if the vertical circle is
on the left side of the telescope, call the
theodolite in the "face left" ( FL) position;
if the telescope is transited [‘trænsɪt] ( 倒
转 ), the vertical circle is on the right side of the
telescope, call "face right" (FR) position.
4. Circle reading systems

The theodolite scale are generally read by

means of a small auxiliary [ɔːɡ'zɪlɪəri]
reading telescope( 辅助读数显微镜 ) at the
side of the main telescope ( see Fig. 5-3b).
DJ6 级光学经纬仪构造
 the long line which is noted 72 is the
dial['daɪəl] line
Fig. 3-6 illustrates （举例说明 this is horizontal scales and vertal
scale imaging
了） this type of reading
system and shows the scale
H
（长度） from 0' to 60' equal
in scale of one degree [dɪ'griː]
on the circle （度盘上的 1
度） .
There is a ruler on the dial ['daɪəl]
刻度盘 .
V
73
reading ： 0 1
730424
5.2.2 Electronic [ɪlek'trɒnɪk] theodolites
The electronic theodolites are composed of a
precision optical devices ,
mechanical[mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l] devices( 机械器件 ) ,
electronic scanning dial （电子扫描度盘） ,
electronics sensors['sensə] （电子传感器）
and microprocessor [maɪkrə(ʊ)'prəʊsesə] （微处
理器） and automatic digital display angle
values ( horizontal and vertical right angle)
under the microprocessor control according to
dial( 度盘 ) location information.
 The electronic theodolites can display
angles values on liquid ['lɪkwɪd]
crystal['krɪst(ə)l]() displays ( LCDs) or light
emitting diode displays (LEDs).
These data( 读数 ) can be recorded in a
field book or can be stored in data collector
for future printout( 输出 ) or computations( 打
印 ).
 The horizontal circles can be set to zero
readings by a simple button （按钮） on the
instrument.
The horizontal circle readings of the
electronic theodolites can be preset [priː‘set] （
设置） to any desired angle .
 The horizontal circle can be switched to(
转到 ) measure either clockwise （顺时针）
or anticlockwise and the scales （度盘）
continuous display （连续显示） the near
degree( 度数 ) as the instrument is turned （转
动） .
 In Fig. 5-8 shows ET- 02 laser [‘leɪzə] 激
光 -electronic theodolite which is produced by
the South Surveying and Mapping
Instrument Company of China.
The name of the instrument parts note on
Fig5-8.
The ET - 02 laser electronic theodolite‘s
keyboard （键盘） is shown as the Fig 5-9.
 【 R/L 】 key: Left and right rotating to measure angl
shift key （切换） each other.
when right turning to measure angle i.e. the horizontal
scale is clockwise to increase, the display shows HR;
when left turning to measure angle i.e.
the horizontal scale is anti-clockwise to increase, the display
shows HL.
 【 OSET 】 key: Reading to return zero
keys, （读数归零键） continuous [kən'tɪnjʊəs]
press 2 times, the horizontal scale （度盘）
reading is set to 0°00'00".
 5.3 Setting up the theodolite

The purpose of setting up a theodolite is that

the vertical axis of the theodolite is in the plumb
line direction and passes through the centre of
ground mark.
The process of setting up a theodolite is
carried out include two stages: centering the
theodolite and levelling the theodolite.
The process of setting up a theodolite:
一、 The preparatory [prɪ'pærət(ə)rɪ] work - Setting
up the tripod ['traɪpɒd]
(1) The tripod is set up over （之上） the
ground mark point.
The legs of the tripod are extended to suit （
适应） the height of the observer[əb'zɜːvə].
Standing back a few spaces from the tripod, the
tripod head centre must be above the ground
mark point.
The tripod head must be horizontal.
(2) The theodolite is taken out from its case, it is
securely （安全） attached to （连接） the
tripod head. Three foot crews are adjusted to
achieve the same height.
 二、 centering and levelling the
instrument
process ： rough centering→rough levelling→
precise levelling →moving the instrument

The purpose of centering is that the

horizontal scalec entre of the theodolite must
be in the plumb line through the centre of
ground mark point.
 The purpose of levelling is that makes the
horizontal circle in a truly horizontal plane.
1 、 Rough centering ： using a plumb bob and
using optical plummet  [‘plʌmɪt] (光学对中
[‘plʌmɪt] 
器)
（ 1 ） using a plumb bob （垂球）
Hang [hæŋ] （挂） a plumb bob and note
deviation [diːvɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n] （偏差） between it and
the ground mark and then move the tripod legs to
achieve rough centering .
If the plumb bob deviated from the ground
mark is not large, the tripod legs are pushed （插
入） firmly into the ground.
using a plumb bob （垂球）
 At last, slightly loosening centering clamping
screw （中心连接螺旋） and slightly shifting
the instrument on the tripod ， make the plumb
bob just above the ground mark.
The centering in this way is known as rough
centering, its error should be within 5mm.
using a plumb bob （垂球）
（ 2 ） using optical plummet （光
学对中器）
the observer extended right foot to
near the ground mark point and use
hands to hold any two legs ， then
move the tripod legs until the image
of the ground mark seen through the
plummet coincides( 重合 )
 [,kəʊɪn'saɪd] with the reference
mark ( either cross hairs or a circle).
 二、 centering and levelling the
instrument
2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble
( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.
circular bubble
reduce
 二、 centering and levelling the
instrument
2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble
( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.
 二、 centering and levelling the
instrument
2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble
( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.

raise
 二、 centering and levelling the instrument

2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble

( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.
 二、 centering and levelling the instrument

2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble

( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.
 二、 centering and levelling the
instrument
2 、 rough levelling ： centralize the circular bubble
( 气泡 ) through adjusting the height of the tripod
legs.
 3 、 precise levelling
Centralize the level bubble( 气泡 ) using the
foot-screws, the procedures [prə'siːdʒə]
are as follows:
(1) The theodolite is rotated until the plate level
axis is approximately （大约） parallel to （
平行于） the line through any two foot-screws.
These two footcrews are rotated until the plate
level bubble is brought to the centre of its run.
 3 、 precise levelling

3 3
plate level bubble

1 2 1 2

气泡居中， 1 、 2 等高 气泡居中， 3 与 1 、 2 等高
 The footscrews should be turned in opposite
directions simultaneously （同
时） ， remembering that the bubble will
move in a direction corresponding to （与相
应） the movement of the left thumb( 拇指 ) (
see Fig. 5-l0a).
(2) The instrument is rotated through 90° and the
bubble centered again, but using the third
footcrew only ( see Fig. 5-10b).
(3) This process is repeated （反复） until the
plate level bubble is central in any positions.
（ 4 ） shifting the instrument (precise centering )
：

At last, slightly loosening centering

clamping screw and slightly shifting the instrument
on the tripod until the image of the ground mark
point seen through the optical plummet( 对中器 )
coincides with( 与 -- 重合 ) the reference mark
( either cross hairs or acircle).
The error of using optical plummet centering
should be within 1mm.
The process of centering and levelling are
repeated( 重复 ), and generally require several
times cycle, until they can meet the requirements
at the same time.
（三） Aiming at object
process ：粗瞄 rough sighting—fixing—focuing
调焦—精瞄 precise sighting
warning ：  we must aim at the base of the target
as far as possible .
Pole 杆
Cross hairs
 The cross-hairs must be brought into sharp
focus by the eyepiece focusing screw prior
to( 在 - 之前 ) commencing observations （开始
观测） . This process is necessary to remove
any cross-hairs parallax ['pærəlæks] （视差）
caused by the image of the target being brought to
a focus in front of or behind the cross-hairs.
 The presence of parallax can be checked by
moving the observer's eye from side to side or up
and down when looking through the telescope.
If the image of the target does not coincide
with the cross-hairs, movement of the observer's
eye will cause the cross-hairs to move relative to
the target image.
（四） take a reading
10 月 31 日完成