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Multiplexing

The document discusses different methods of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, and digital carrier systems. It provides examples and diagrams to explain concepts like FDM of voice signals, WDM technology improvements over time, framing in TDM, and the DS-1 digital carrier system format.

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38 views

Multiplexing

The document discusses different methods of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, and digital carrier systems. It provides examples and diagrams to explain concepts like FDM of voice signals, WDM technology improvements over time, framing in TDM, and the DS-1 digital carrier system format.

Uploaded by

Ríõ Escanilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Data and Computer


Communications
7th Edition

Chapter 8
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required
bandwidth of channel
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not
overlap (guard bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram
FDM System
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals
Analog Carrier Systems
• AT&T (USA)
• Hierarchy of FDM schemes
• Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
— 60 channel
— FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612
kHz
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• Multiple beams of light at different frequency
• Carried by optical fiber
• A form of FDM
• Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel
• 1997 Bell Labs
— 100 beams
— Each at 10 Gbps
— Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
• Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now
available
• Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each
— 10.1 Tbps
— Over 100km
WDM Operation
• Same general architecture as other FDM
• Number of sources generating laser beams at different
frequencies
• Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission over
single fiber
• Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
— Typically tens of km apart
• Demux separates channels at the destination
• Mostly 1550nm wavelength range
• Was 200MHz per channel
• Now 50GHz
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• DWDM
• No official or standard definition
• Implies more channels more closely spaced that
WDM
• 200GHz or less
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital
signal to be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• May be at bit level of blocks
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed
amongst sources
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM System
TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
—Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
—If one channel receiver can not receive data, the
others must carry on
—The corresponding source must be quenched
—This leaves empty slots
• Error control
—Errors are detected and handled by individual
channel systems
Data Link Control on TDM
Framing
• No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM
frames
• Must provide synchronizing mechanism
• Added digit framing
—One control bit added to each TDM frame
• Looks like another channel - “control channel”
—Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
—e.g. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
—Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel
with sync pattern
Pulse Stuffing
• Problem - Synchronizing data sources
• Clocks in different sources drifting
• Data rates from different sources not related by
simple rational number
• Solution - Pulse Stuffing
—Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher
than sum of incoming rates
—Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming
signal until it matches local clock
—Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame
and removed at demultiplexer
TDM of Analog and Digital
Sources
Digital Carrier Systems
• Hierarchy of TDM
• USA/Canada/Japan use one system
• ITU-T use a similar (but different) system
• US system based on DS-1 format
• Multiplexes 24 channels
• Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one
framing bit
• 193 bits per frame
Digital Carrier Systems (2)
• For voice each channel contains one word of
digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
—Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps
—Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples
—Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit
—Signaling bits form stream for each channel
containing control and routing info
• Same format for digital data
—23 channels of data
• 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control
—24th channel is sync
Mixed Data
• DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data signals
• 24 channels used
• No sync byte
• Can also interleave DS-1 channels
—Ds-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps

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