Method of Consistent

Deformation
Structural Analysis
By
R. C. Hibbeler

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Force Method of Analysis/Method of Consistent

Deformation

Consider the following beam

P

A B
Actual Beam

Number of unknown support reactions = 4

Equations of equilibrium available =3
Degree of indeterminacy = first

So we need one more equation for solution

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For this we will use principle of superposition and

consider the compatibility of displacement at one of its
support.

This is done by choosing one of its support reactions as

Redundant and temporarily removing its effect on the
beam to make it statically determinate and stable.

This beam is referred to as the Primary Structure.

P P

A B A B
ΔB

Actual Beam Primary Structure 3

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By superposition, the unknown reaction at B, i.e., By,

causes the beam at B to be displaced Δ’BB upward.
P

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By

First letter in subscript notation refers to point B where

deflection is specified and second letter refers to point B
where unknown reaction acts.
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Assuming positive displacements act upward, then we

can write necessary compatibility equation at the roller
as

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By
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The displacement at B caused by unit load acting in the

direction of By is Linear flexibility coefficient fBB.

A fBB
B
1

fBB is the deflection at B caused by a unit load at B

The material behaves in a linear elastic manner, a force of

By acting at B, instead of unit load, will cause a
proportionate increase in fBB.

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We can say that Linear Flexibility Coefficient fBB is a

measure of the deflection per unit force, and its units are
m/N, ft/lb, etc.

The compatibility equation above can be written in terms

of the unknown By as

Once By is found, the three reactions at A can be found

from equations of equilibrium.
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As stated previously, the choice of redundant is arbitrary.

For example, the moment at A can be determined

directly by removing the capacity of beam to support a
moment at A, by replacing the fixed support by a pin.
P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 8

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The rotation at A, caused by the load P is θA, and the

rotation at A cause by the redundant MA at A is θ’AA.

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 9

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

If we denote an angular flexibility coefficient αAA as the

angular displacement at A cause by a unit couple
moment applied at A, then

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 10

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The angular flexibility coefficient measures the angular

displacement per unit couple moment and has the units
of rad/N.m or rad/lb.ft, etc.
1 A B

αAA

The compatibility equation for rotation at A requires

In this case,

-ve value means that MA acts in opposite direction

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Second Order Indeterminate Structures

The figure is showing a beam of second order

indeterminacy.

Two compatibility equations will be necessary for

solution.

P1 P2
B C
A D

Actual Beam
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We will choose the vertical forces at the roller supports B

and C, as redundants.
P1 P2
B C
A D Actual Beam

The resultant primary structure deflects as shown, when

the redundants are removed
P1 P2
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC

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Each redundant force which is assumed to act downward,

deflects this beam as shown
By

B C Redundant
A D By Applied

Δ’BB=ByfBB Δ’CB=ByfCB

Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’BC=CyfBC Δ’CC=CyfCC

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P1 P2
B C
A D Actual Beam

P1 P2 =
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC
+
By

B C Redundant
A D By Applied

Δ’BB=ByfBB Δ’CB=ByfCB
+
Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’CC=CyfCC 15
Δ’BC=CyfBC
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

B C
A D

fBB fCB

B C
A D

fBC fCC

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By superposition, the compatibility equations for the

deflection at B and C, respectively are

These equations may be solved simultaneously for the

two unknown forces By and Cy.

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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Following procedure provides a general method for
determining the reactions or internal loadings of S.I.S
using the force method.

Principle of Superposition
• Determine the number of degree of indeterminacy.
• Specify the number of redundant forces or moments
which must be removed to make the structure
determinate.
• Draw S.I.S and show it to be equal to a sequence of
corresponding S.D.S.
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• The primary structure supports the same external loads

as the S.I.S., and each of other structures added to the
primary structure shows the structure loaded with a
separate redundant force or moment.
• Sketch the elastic curve on each structure and indicate
symbolically the displacement or rotation at the point of
each redundant force or moment.

Compatibility Equations
• Write compatibility equation for the displacement or
rotation at each point where there is a redundant force
or moment.
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• These equations should be expressed in terms of the

unknown redundants and their corresponding flexibility
coefficients.
• Determine all the deflections and their corresponding
flexibility coefficients using the table on inside front
cover.
• Substitute these into the compatibility equations and
solve for the unknown redundants.
• If the numerical value for a redundant is negative, it
indicates the redundant acts opposite to its
corresponding unit force or unit couple moment.

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Equilibrium Equations
• Draw a free body diagram of the structure.
• As the redundant forces have been calculated, now
calculate the remaining unknown reactions using
equations of equilibrium.
• Now draw the shear and moment diagrams.
• Also the deflection at any point can be determined using
the previous methods.

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Example 1
Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the
beam in Fig. EI is constant.

50 KN

A C
B

6m 6m

Actual Beam

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Solution:

50 KN

A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m

• The beam is first degree statically indeterminate

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Principle of Superposition
• By is taken as redundant
• Removal of redundant By requires that the roller support
in the direction of By be removed
• By is assumed to act upward
50 KN
A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m
=
50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
By
Primary Structure 24
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive displacement as upward, we have

• ΔB and fBB are obtained using tables on inside front cover

of book
• Note that

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 25
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Thus

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 26
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation

Substituting these results into Eq. (1) yields

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 27
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

If this reaction is placed on free body diagram of the

beam, the reactions at A can be obtained from the three
equations of equilibrium.

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN

6m 6m

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Having determined all the reactions, the moment

diagram can be constructed.

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN

6m 6m

M (kN.m)
93.8

3.27 x (m)
6 12

-112
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Example 2
Determine the moment at the fixed wall for the beam in
Fig. EI is constant.

A B
20 k . ft

10 ft

Actual Beam

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Solution:

A B
20 k . ft Actual Beam

10 ft

• The beam is first degree statically indeterminate

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Principle of Superposition
• MA is taken as redundant
• The capacity of the beam to support a moment at A has
been removed
• Fixed support at A is substituted by a pin
• MA is assumed to act counterclockwise
A B
20 k . ft Actual Beam

10 ft

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 32

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 33

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 34

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
Substituting these results into Eq.(1) yields

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 35

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The negative sign indicates that MA acts opposite to that

shown in figure.

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 36

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

When this reaction is placed on the beam, other

reactions can be determined.

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k 3k

10 ft

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The moment diagram is shown below

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k
3k

10 ft

M (k.ft)

10
x (ft)

-20

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Example 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. The support at B settles 1.5 in. Take E =
29(103) ksi, I = 750 in4.

20 k
1.5 in
A C

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

Actual Beam
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Solution
Principle of Superposition

20 k
1.5 in
A C
Actual Beam
B

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

• The beam is first degree statically indeterminate.

• The centre support B is chosen as redundant, so that the
roller at B is removed.
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• By is assumed to act downward on the beam.

20 k
1.5 in
A C
Actual Beam
B

=
20 k

B
A C Primary
ΔB Structure

+
By
B
A C Redundant By
applied
Δ’BB=ByfBB
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Compatibility Equation
• With reference to point B, using units of ft, we require

• Use conjugate beam method to compute ΔB and fBB since

the moment diagrams consists straight line segments.
• For ΔB 20 k

B
A C

20 k

A C
15 k 5k
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12 ft 36 ft
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
20 k

A C
15 k 5k
12 ft 36 ft

8 ft 16 ft 24 ft

conjugate beam

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Compatibility Equation

8 ft 16 ft 24 ft

MB’

VB’ 8 ft 16 ft

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Compatibility Equation
1k
• For fBB
B
A C

1k

A C
0.5 k 0.5 k
24 ft 24 ft

conjugate beam

24 ft 24 ft
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Compatibility Equation
• For fBB conjugate beam

24 ft 24 ft

mB’

vB’ 24 ft

8 ft

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Compatibility Equation
• Substituting these results into eq. (1), we have

• Expressing the units of E and I in terms of k and ft, we

have

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Equilibrium Equations
• The negative sign indicates that By acts upward on the
beam.
20 k

A C

Ay By=5.56 k Cy
12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

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Equilibrium Equations

20 k

A C

Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft
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• Using these results, shear and moment diagrams are

20 k

A C

Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

V (k)

12.22

x (ft)
-2.22
-7.78
-20

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

• Using these results, shear and moment diagrams are

20 k

A C

Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

M (k.ft)
146.7
53.3

x (ft)

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Example 4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. EI is constant. Neglect the effect of axial
load.

2 k/ft

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Principle of Superposition

2 k/ft

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam

• Since axial load is neglected the beam is second degree

statically indeterminate.
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Solution
Principle of Superposition
• The two end moments at A and B will be considered as
redundants.
• Beam’s capacity to resist these moments is removed by
placing a pin/hinge at A and rocker/roller at B.

2 k/ft

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam
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2 k/ft
Solution
A B Actual Beam

10 ft 10 ft
=
2 k/ft

A B Primary
θA θB structure

+
MA
B Redundant MA
A applied
θ'AA=MAαAA θ‘BA=MAαBA
+
MB
Redundant MB
A B applied 55
θ'AB=MBαAB θ‘BB=MBαBB
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation

• Reference to point A and B, requires

• The required slopes and angular flexibility coefficients

can be determined using the table on the inside front
cover. We have

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Compatibility Equation

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Compatibility Equation
Substituting the data into Eqs. (1) and (2) yields

Cancelling EI and solving these equations simultaneously,

we have

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Using these results, the end shears are calculated

16.25 k 2 k/ft 3.75 k

45.8 k.ft A B 20.8 k.ft

10 ft 10 ft

V (k)

16.25

x (ft)
8.125
-3.75

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Using these results, the end shears are calculated

16.25 k 2 k/ft 3.75 k

45.8 k.ft A B 20.8 k.ft

10 ft 10 ft

M (k.ft)

20.2

3.63 14.4 20
x (ft)
8.125

-20.8
45.8 60
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Example 5
Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam
shown. EI is constant.

500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

12 ft 5 ft 5 ft

Actual Beam

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Solution
Principle of Superposition

500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

12 ft 5 ft 5 ft

Actual Beam

• By inspection the beam is indeterminate to the first

degree.
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Solution
Principle of Superposition
• We will choose the internal moment at support B as the
redundant.
• Beam is cut open and end pins or internal hinge are
placed at B to release only the capacity of beam to resist
moment at this point.

θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

Primary structure 63
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Principle of Superposition 500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C Actual Beam
B
=
θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

Primary
A C
structure
B
+
MBα‘BB MBα’‘BB

Redundant
MB applied
MB MB 64
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Solution
Compatibility Equations
• The relative rotation of one end of one beam with
respect to the end of other beam to be zero, that is

where

θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B 65
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Solution
Compatibility Equations
• The slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be
determined from the table on inside front cover, that is

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Solution
Compatibility Equations
• Thus

• The negative sign indicates that MB acts in opposite

direction.

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Solution
Compatibility Equations
500 lb
120 lb/ft
1604 lb.ft 1604 lb.ft

854 lb 854 lb 410 lb 410 lb

586 lb 1264 lb 89.6 lb

V (lb)

586 410

12 17 22
x (ft)
4.89 -89.6

68
-854
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Compatibility Equations
500 lb
120 lb/ft
1604 lb.ft 1604 lb.ft

854 lb 854 lb 410 lb 410 lb

586 lb 1264 lb 89.6 lb

M (lb.ft)
1431
448
12 17 22
x (ft)
4.89

-1604 69
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

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