Shear force and bending

moment
CHAPTER 2

1
Introduction
The algebraic sum of the vertical forces at any section of a
beam to the right or left of the section is know as shear
force. It is briefly written as S.F. The algebraic sum of the
moments of all the forces acting to the right or left of the
section is known as bending moment. It is written as B.M. In
this chapter, the shear force and bending moment diagrams
for different types of beams (i.e., cantilevers, simply ,
supported, fixed, overhanging etc.) for different types of
loads (i.e., point load, uniformly distributed loads, varying
loads etc.) acting on the beams, will be considered.

2
Beam
A beam is a structural member which carries loads.
In most cases, the loads are perpendicular to the axis of the beam. Such
a transverse loading causes only bending and shear in the beam.

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Types of beams
The following are important types of beams :
1. cantilever beam,
2. simply supported beam ,
3. overhanging beam,
4. fixed beams, and
5. continuous beams.

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Types of beams
1. Simply supported beam
pinned at one end and roller at the other.

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2) Cantilever beam
- fixed at one end and the other end free.

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3) Overhanging beam:-
A simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.

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4) Fixed beam
- fixed at both ends.

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5) Continuous beam :-
A beam extending over more than 2 supports.

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 Types of supports
I. Roller supports
II. Pinned/ Hinged support
III. Fixed support

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Roller support
Roller supports are free to rotate and move along the surface upon
which the roller rests.
The resulting reaction force is always a single force that is perpendicular
to, and away from, the surface.
Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long bridges. This
allows the bridge structure to expand and contract with temperature
changes.
The expansion forces could fracture the supports at the banks if the
bridge structure was "locked" in place.

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Example
Roller supports are commonly located at one end
of long bridges.

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Pinned/Hinged support
pinned support can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but not a
moment.
They will allow the structural member to rotate, but not to move in any
direction.
The reactions of a pinned support includes both horizontal and vertical
forces.

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Examples

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Fixed support
Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as a
moment.
Since they restrain both rotation and translation, they are also known as
rigid supports.
The representation of fixed supports always includes two forces
(horizontal and vertical) and a moment

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16
 Sign convention for shear
force
The sign convention of the shear force is shown in the
fig. From the right of the section at which shear force
calculated downward shear force will be considered as
positive while upward shear force will be considered as
negative.
From the left of the section downward shear force will
be considered as negative, while upward shear force will
be considered as positive

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Example 1
Determine the shear forces at the four cross-sections for the simply
supported beam and loading shown below.

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Example 2
Calculate the shear force of the following at appropriate section

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Exercise
1. Identify the support system ?
2. Calculate support reaction ?

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Shear force diagrams
To avoid long and unwieldy statements of results a graphical method of
representing results, called a shear force diagram has been developed.
The shear force diagram should be plotted directly below the space
diagram of the beam.
◦ The positive values of shear force are plotted above baseline.
◦ The negative values of shear force are plotted below baseline.
◦ The shear force diagram will increase or decrease suddenly by a vertical
straight line at a section where there is a vertical point load.

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Example
Draw the shear force diagram of the first example and second examples.

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Shear force due to distributed
load
Calculate shear force and draw the shear force diagram for the beam
shown below.

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Example
Calculate and draw the shear force diagram of the following structure.

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Example
Calculate and draw the shear force diagram of the following structure.

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Exercise
Calculate and draw the shear force diagram of the following structure.

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Bending Moment
Calculate and draw the bending moment diagram of the following
beam.

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Example
Calculate and draw the bending moment diagram of the following
beam.

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Example
Calculate and draw the bending moment diagram of the following
beam.

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Example
Calculate and draw the bending moment diagram of the following
beam.

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 Important notes on shear force
and bending moment diagrams
Shear force and bending moment diagram for cantilever beam with a
point load.

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Shear force and bending moment diagram
for cantilever beam with a distributed
load.

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Shear force and bending moment
diagram for simply supported with a
point load.

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Shear force and bending moment diagram for
simply supported with a distributed load.

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Shear force and bending moment diagram for
overhanging beam
In case of overhanging beams, the usually B.M. is positive between the
two supports, whereas the B.M. is negative for the over-hanging
portion. Hence at some point, the B.M. is zero after changing its sign
from positive to negative or vice-versa. The point is known as the point
of contra-flexure or point of inflexion.

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