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Unit-I Safety

Electrical safety devices like fuses and circuit breakers protect electrical systems from damage and users from injury. Fuses contain a fusing element that melts when excess current flows, while circuit breakers automatically switch off power. Proper earthing connects equipment to the earth to avoid electric shocks by providing an alternative path for fault currents. Safety precautions when working with electricity include using insulated tools and protective equipment and switching power off before working.

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Jeet Saurav Srivastava
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© © All Rights Reserved
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25 views

Unit-I Safety

Electrical safety devices like fuses and circuit breakers protect electrical systems from damage and users from injury. Fuses contain a fusing element that melts when excess current flows, while circuit breakers automatically switch off power. Proper earthing connects equipment to the earth to avoid electric shocks by providing an alternative path for fault currents. Safety precautions when working with electricity include using insulated tools and protective equipment and switching power off before working.

Uploaded by

Jeet Saurav Srivastava
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Safety

Electrical Wiring and Safety:


Elementary details: Safety devices- Fuses,
MCB’s
Necessity of Earthing and types of Earthing
Protective Device

• Help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions

• Prevents damage to an electrical system

• Protect from the risk of injury

• These are - circuit breaker and fuse


Fuse
Fuse
• Fuse invented by Edison in 1880.

• Fuse is a small piece of metal- Fusing Element - Always in series

• Fusing Elements- Melts when excess current flows through

• Copper or Lead Tin alloy is used generally with Kit Kat structure
• Most commonly used in the case of domestic wiring and
small scale usage.

• The main advantage of this type of fuse is that it is easy to


rewire and replacement..
Desirable Characteristics of Fuse Element:

• Low Melting Point


• High Conductivity
• Free from deterioration due to oxidation
• Low Cost
Advantages of Fuse:
• Simplest and cheapest form of protective device
• Requires zero maintenance
• Automatic operation (No relay required)
• Minimum operating time
• Operation without noise, smoke, gas and flame
Disadvantages of Fuse:
• After every operation re-wiring is required
• Replacement in higher voltages takes long time
• Discrimination in series connected fuses cannot be
obtained
• Secondary protection of fuses is not possible.
Metal Melting Point Resistivity
°C µ Ω-m

Aluminium 658 2.86

Copper 1084 1.72

Lead 327 21.00

Zinc 419 6.10

Tin 231 11.30

Silver 960 1.64


MCB’s - Miniature circuit breaker

• It automatically switches off the electrical


circuit during abnormal condition of the
network – when current reaches a preset
value.

• MCB is much more sensitive to over current


than fuse.
• Thermal strip
operation due
to heating
• Handling MCB is more electrically safe than fuse.

• MCB operates 1.25 times its rated current.

• It can be quickly re-operated by manual operation.

• Main advantage is, as the switch operating knob


comes at its off position during tripping, the faulty
zone of the electrical circuit can easily be identified.
Comparison
Sl. PARTICULAR FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER
1. Function Performs detection & Performs
interruption function interruption
2. Operation Inherently completely Requires elaborate
automatic equipment
3. Breaking capacity Small Very large
4. Operating time Very small Very large
5. Replacement Requires Does not require
Earthing
The process of connecting metallic bodies of all the
electrical apparatus and equipment to huge mass of earth
by a wire having negligible resistance is called Earthing.

Earthing of electrical equipment bring the equipment's to


zero potential and avoid the shock to operator, under any
fault conditions..
Leakage Current

Ele. Eqp.
Ele. Eqp.

Leakage
Current
Will there be any current passing in body….?

Electric Shock
Electric Shock

A sudden agitation of the nervous system of a


body, due to passage of an electric current is
called Electric Shock
Factor Affecting Severity of the Shock…
• Magnitude of the current passed through body
• Path of the current passed through the body
• Time for which current is passed through body
• Frequency of the current
• Physical and psychological condition of the
affected person
Effect of Electric Shock
250 V Resistance Condition of the Effect due to
supply of body body shock

10- 600
2.5 mA kΩ Dry skin Mild shock

Strong painful
25 mA 1 kΩ Wet skin
shock

More Wet skin with


than 25 50- 500 Ω Death
mA earth contacted
Tolerable Limits of Body Current
( As per IEEE Standards)

Threshold of perception is 1mA.

Let-go current 1-6 mA.

Painful / loss of control 9-25 mA.

Stoppage of heart / respiration 60-100 mA.


Different physiological effects of electrical currents generated by common household
voltage.
Current Probable Effect
1 mA Tingling sensation; almost not perceptible

16 mA Maximum current a person can grasp and “let go”

7–9 mA “Let-go” current for an average man


6–8 mA “Let-go” current for an average woman
3–5 mA “Let-go” current for an average child
16–20 mA Tetany of skeletal muscles

20–50 mA Paralysis of respiratory muscles; respiratory arrest

50–100 mA Threshold for ventricular fibrillation

>2 A Asystole
Purpose of Earthing
• To save human life from danger of electrical shock i.e. To provide
an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not
endanger the user

• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault


conditions   i.e. To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not
reach a dangerous potential

• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit


currents
Purpose of Earthing…. Cont…

• To maintain the line voltage constant

• To serve as return conductor


Methods of Earthing
• Pipe Earthing

• Plate Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Pipe Earthing
• G.I (Galvanized iron) Pipe of 38 mm dia with
approximately 2 m length

• This pipe acts as earth electrode

• Pit area around pipe filled with salt and coal with
alternate layers

• In summer- Water is poured in the earthing pit


Earthing
Plate Earthing
• G.I (Galvanized iron) or Copper plate 60 cm x60 cm x3 mm

• Wire taken through pipe of 19 mm dia – 1 m depth

• Funnel is used at the top to pour salt water

• Earthing efficiency – Plate area- Depth of embedding


• Wire connectivity must be ensured…. But can not be
observed physically
Pipe and Plate Earthing
Safety Precautions while Working with Electricity…

• Insulators should be used properly


• Tests should be conducted to ensure insulation
• Earth connection should be maintained properly
• Before taking up work – Switch of the supply
• Fuse must have correct ratings
Safety Precautions while Working with Electricity…

• Wooden / Rubber soled shoes and Gloves


• Use of Line Tester / Test Lamp
• Insulated Screw Drivers and tools
• Never touch Two Lines at the same time
• Never remove the plug by pulling the wires
• Maintain Discipline and Respect the Electrcity….

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