What is Urbanisation?

Sustainable Urban Living Traffic Management

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different
as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience different
more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. future generations also can use then. traffic congestion that can lead to various problems.

Where is Urbanisation Water Conservation Energy Conservation Environmental problems

happening?
This is about reducing the amount Using less fossil fuels can reduce • Traffic increases air pollution
Urbanisation is happening of water used. the rate of climate change. which releases greenhouse
all over the word but in • Collecting rainwater for gardens • Promoting renewable energy gases that is leading to climate
LICs and NEEs rates are and flushing toilets. sources. change.
much faster than HICs. This • Installing water meters and • Making homes more energy
is mostly because of the toilets that flush less water. efficient.
rapid economic growth • Educating people on using less • Encouraging people to use Economic problems Social Problems
they are experiencing. water. energy.
• Congestion can make people • There is a greater risk of
late for work and business accidents and congestion is a
Causes of Urbanisation Creating Green Space Waste Recycling deliveries take longer. This can cause of frustration. Traffic can
cause companies to loose also lead to health issues for
Creating green spaces in urban More recycling means fewer money. pedestrians.
The movement of people from rural to
Rural - urban migration (1) urban areas. areas can improve places for resources are used. Less waste
people who want to live there. reduces the amount that Congestion Solutions
Push Pull • Provide natural cooler areas for eventually goes to landfill.
people to relax in. • Collection of household waste. • Widen roads to allow more
• Encourages people to exercise. • More local recycling facilities. traffic to flow easily.
• Natural disasters • More Jobs • Reduces the risk of flooding • Greater awareness of the Build ring roads and bypasses to
• War and Conflict • Better education & •
from surface runoff. benefits in recycling. keep through traffic out of city
• Mechanisation healthcare
centres.
• Drought • Increased quality of life. Introduce park and ride
• Lack of employment • Following family members. •
schemes to reduce car use.
Unit 2a • Encourage car-sharing schemes
in work places.
When the birth rate exceeds the death
Natural Increase (2) • Have public transport, cycle
Urban Issues & Challenges
rate.
lanes & cycle hire schemes.
• Having congestion charges
Increase in birth rate (BR) Lower death rate (DR) discourages drivers from
Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg entering the busy city centres.
• High percentage of • Higher life expectancy due to
population are child-bearing better living conditions and Background & Location Sustainable Strategies
age which leads to high diet.
fertility rate. Freiburg is in west Germany. The • The city’s waste water allows Traffic Management Example: Bristol
• Improved medical facilities
• Lack of contraception or helps lower infant mortality city has a population of about for rainwater to be retained.
education about family 220,000. In 1970 it set the goal of • The use of sustainable energy In 2012 Bristol was the most
rate. congested city in the UK. Now the
planning. focusing on social, economic and such as solar and wind is
environmental sustainability. becoming more important. city aims to develop it’s integrated
• 40% of the city is forested with transport system to encourage
Types of Cities many open spaces for more people to use the public
recreation, clean air and transport. The city has also invested
Megacity An urban area with over 10 million people living there. reducing flood risk. in cycle routes and hiring schemes.

More than two thirds Integrated Transport System Greenbelt Area

of current megacities
are located in either This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly
NEEs (Brazil) and LICs a city and the surrounding area. controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast.
(Nigeria). The
amount of megacities
are predicted to Brownfield Site Urban Regeneration
increase from 28 to
41 by 2030. Brownfield sites is an area of land or premises that has been previously The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what
used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.
 Urban Change in a Major UK City: Sheffield Case Study Urban Change in a Major NEE City: RIO DE JANEIRO Case Study
Location and Background City’s Importance Location and Background City’s Importance
Sheffield is a city in • The city enjoys a large sporting heritage Rio is a coastal city • Has the second largest GDP in Brazil It is
South Yorkshire in the with famous athletes and football clubs. situated in the South headquarters to many of Brazil’s main
North of England. The • Sheffield is famous for being described as East region of Brazil companies, particularly with Oil and Gas.
population of the city the greenest city in Europe. within the continent • Sugar Loaf mountain is world heritage site
is 575,000, making it • Sheffield has a thriving community of of South America. It is • One of the most visited places in the
the fifth largest in the international students. the second most Southern Hemisphere.
UK. The city grew • Sheffield has two major UK universities populated city in the • Hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016
during the industrial popular with young students. country (6.5 million) Summer Olympics.
revolution. • Fastest growing city outside of London. after Sao Paulo. • Christ the Redeemer is a new 7 wonder.

Migration to Sheffield City’s Opportunities Migration to Rio De Janeiro City’s Opportunities

During the industrial revolution, the population Social: Sheffield has various cultural attractions The city began when Portuguese settlers with
dramatically increased with people migrating such as the Crucible Theatre & museums. Also slaves arrived in 1502. Since then, Rio has Social: Standards of living are gradually
from nearby rural communities. Meadowhall is very popular with shoppers. become home to various ethnic groups. improving. The Rio Carnival is an important
cultural event for traditional dancing and music.
With the attraction of working in the large Economic: The retail sectors contribute to However, more recently, millions of people have
steelworks or mines, international migrates thousands of jobs. The Universities and migrated from rural areas that have suffered
from Ireland, Pakistan and the Caribbean came from drought, lack of services and Economic: Rio has one of the highest incomes
advanced manufacturing contributes to the per person in the country. The city has various
to work in Sheffield from 1900-1960. city’s economy. unemployment to Rio. People do this to search
for a better quality of life. types of employment including oil, retail and
More recently, refugees have arrived from Syria manufacturing.
and Iraq. Also Sheffield has attracted thousands Environmental: Sheffield is described as being This expanding population has resulted in the
of students from the UK & abroad. the greenest city in Europe. It’s close to the rapid urbanisation of Rio de Janeiro.
Peak District and has various open spaces (i.e. Environmental: The hosting of the major
the Peace Garden) for residents to enjoy. sporting events encouraged more investment in
sewage works and public transport systems.
City Challenges Sheffield City Centre Regeneration Projects City Challenges Self-help schemes - Rocinha, Bairro Project
Social: House prices have increased along with Aims: Sheffield wanted to attract investment in Social: There is a severe shortage of housing,
greater house shortages. more businesses and job opportunities. Also schools and healthcare centres available. Large
A third of households live in the 10% of the the projects aim to improve public spaces with scale social inequality, is creating tensions • The authorities have provided basic
most deprived wards in the UK. more green urban environments. between the rich and poor. materials to improve peoples homes with
safe electricity and sewage pipes.
Main features: Brownfield sites and derelict • Government has demolished houses and
Economic: Closure of the steelworks and buildings pulled down, £50 million invested on Economic: The rise of informal jobs with low pay
factories caused large scale unemployment. created new estates.
its train station to improve connections, £120 and no tax contributions. There is high • Community policing has been established,
Poor transport connections to large economic million on green open spaces with the employment in shanty towns called Favelas
hubs such as London and Manchester. along with a tougher stance on gangs with
construction of the Winter Gardens and Peace military backed police.
Gardens, £430m to improve the retail quarter Environmental: Shanty towns called Favelas are • Greater investment in new road and rail
Environmental: Urban sprawl has led to and attract shoppers away from Meadowhall. established around the city, typically on network to reduce pollution and increase
increased pressure and decline of greenfield unfavourable land, such as hills. connections between rich and poor areas.
sites around the city.