Methods of

Analysis

Mustafa Kemal Uyguroğlu

Methods of Analysis 1
 Methods of Analysis

• Introduction
• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis

Methods of Analysis 2
 3.2 Nodal Analysis

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage v1,
v2, …vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of
node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain
the unknown node voltages.

Methods of Analysis 3
 Figure 3.1

Common symbols for indicating a reference node,

(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.

Methods of Analysis 4
 Figure 3.2

Typical circuit for nodal analysis

Methods of Analysis 5
 I1  I 2  i1  i2
I 2  i2  i3
vhigher  vlower
i
R
v1  0
i1  or i1  G1v1
R1
v1  v2
i2  or i2  G2 (v1  v2 )
R2
v2  0
i3  or i3  G3v2
R3
Methods of Analysis 6
 v1 v1  v2
 I1  I 2  
R1 R2
v1  v2 v2
I2  
R2 R3
 I1  I 2  G1v1  G2 (v1  v2 )
I 2  G2 (v1  v2 )  G3v2

 G1  G2  G2   v1   I1  I 2 
 
  G2 G2  G3  v2   I 2 

Methods of Analysis 7
 Example 3.1

 Calculus the node voltage in the circuit shown in

Fig. 3.3(a)

Methods of Analysis 8
 Example 3.1

 At node 1

i1  i2  i3
v1  v2 v1  0
5 
4 2

Methods of Analysis 9
 Example 3.1

 At node 2

i2  i4  i1  i5
v2  v1 v2  0
5 
4 6

Methods of Analysis 10
 Example 3.1

 In matrix form:

1 1 1 

2 4    v  5
4 1
 
 1   
1 1 v2  5
   
 4 6 4

Methods of Analysis 11
 Practice Problem 3.1

Fig 3.4

Methods of Analysis 12
 Example 3.2

 Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig. 3.5(a)

Methods of Analysis 13
 Example 3.2

 At node 1,

3  i1  ix
v1  v3 v1  v2
3 
4 2

Methods of Analysis 14
 Example 3.2

 At node 2

ix  i2  i3
v1  v2 v2  v3 v2  0
  
2 8 4

Methods of Analysis 15
 Example 3.2

 At node 3

i1  i2  2ix
v1  v3 v2  v3 2(v1  v2 )
  
4 8 2

Methods of Analysis 16
 Example 3.2

 In matrix form:

 3 1 1
 4   
2 4  v1  3
 1 7 1    
    v 2   0 
 2 8 8
 3 9 3  v3  0

 4 8 8 

Methods of Analysis 17
 3.4 Mesh Analysis

 Mesh analysis: another procedure for analyzing

circuits, applicable to planar circuit.
 A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other
loops within it

Methods of Analysis 18
  Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the
mesh currents.

Methods of Analysis 19
 Fig. 3.17

A circuit with two meshes.

Methods of Analysis 20
  Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,

 V1  R1i1  R3 (i1  i2 )  0
( R1  R3 )i1  R3i2  V1
 For mesh 2,

R2i2  V2  R3 (i2  i1 )  0
 R3i1  ( R2  R3 )i2  V2

Methods of Analysis 21
  Solve for the mesh currents.

 R1  R3  R3   i1   V1 

  R3 R2  R3  i2   V2 

 Use i for a mesh current and I for a branch

current. It’s evident from Fig. 3.17 that

I1  i1 , I 2  i2 , I 3  i1  i2

Methods of Analysis 22
 Example 3.5

 Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3 using mesh

analysis.

Methods of Analysis 23
 Example 3.5

 For mesh 1,

 15  5i1  10(i1  i2 )  10  0
3i1  2i2  1
 For mesh 2,
6i2  4i2  10(i2  i1 )  10  0
i1  2i2  1
 We can find i1 and i2 by substitution method or
Cramer’s rule. Then, I1  i1 , I 2  i2 , I 3  i1  i2

Methods of Analysis 24
 Example 3.6

 Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the

circuit of Fig. 3.20.

Methods of Analysis 25
 Example 3.6

 Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,

 24  10(i1  i2 )  12(i1  i3 )  0
11i1  5i2  6i3  12
 For mesh 2,

24i2  4(i2  i3 )  10(i2  i1 )  0

 5i1  19i2  2i3  0

Methods of Analysis 26
 Example 3.6

 For mesh 3, 4 I 0  12(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  0

At node A, I 0  I1  i2 ,
4(i1  i2 )  12(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  0
 i1  i2  2i3  0

 In matrix from Eqs. (3.6.1) to (3.6.3) become

 11  5  6  i1  12
 5 19  2 i2    0 
  1  1 2  i   0 
  3   
we can calculus i1, i2 and i3 by Cramer’s rule, and
find I0.
Methods of Analysis 27
 3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
 Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic
way of analyzing a complex network.
 The choice of the better method dictated by two
factors.
● First factor : nature of the particular network. The key
is to select the method that results in the smaller
number of equations.
● Second factor : information required.

Methods of Analysis 28
 3.10 Summery

1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the

nonreference nodes
● A circuit has fewer node equations

2. A supernode: two nonreference nodes

3. Mesh analysis: the application of KVL
● A circuit has fewer mesh equations

4. A supermesh: two meshes

Methods of Analysis 29
 Homework

 Problems 7, 12, 20, 31(write down required

equations only), 39, 49, 53(write down required
equations only)

Methods of Analysis 30