WEEK 4 TOPIC

 Nature and Characteristics Sensitized

Materials
 Different types of Photographic Films
 Kinds of Photographic Paper

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Sensitized Materials
The term sensitized materials
refers to FILM and
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER that is
basically composed of emulsion
containing silver halides
suspended in a gelatin and coated
on a transparent or reflective
support.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
What is SILVER HALIDES?
• It carry minute specks of metallic silver = so called sensitivity
specks with amount in mass to about 1/1 ,000,000,000 part of the
silver halide crystals.
• It is a compound silver with fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine
crystal.
• Electric charge on the specks attract silver ions from the
neighboring silver halides, and as the silver ions accumulate, they
become metallic silver, causing the speck to grow halide ions at
the same time migrate to the surface of the silver halide crystal
and are absorbed by the gelatin emulsion.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
FILM
• It is a cellulose tape or
plate where silver salts are Photographic film is a strip or sheet of
suspended capable of transparent plastic film base coated
recording light. on one side with a gelatin emulsion
containing microscopically small light
sensitive silver halide crystals. The
• Its primary function is to sizes and other characteristics of the
record the image that is crystals determine the sensitivity,
contrast and resolution of the film.
focused upon it by the
lens of the camera
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Kinds of FILM
1. ORDINARY FILM / PANCHROMATIC FILM - sensitive to all
colors especially in blue and violet. It is suitable for general
use in the preparation of black and white photographs.

2. BLUE SENSITVE FILM - A film especially treated that makes

it more sensitive to blue

3. ORTHOCHROMATIC/ KODALITH FILM – Sensitive to all colors

except red. Good for fingerprint or document (high contrast).
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Kinds of FILM
4. POLAROID FILM- A special type of sensitized material
that produces a photograph immediately after exposure.
5. COLOR FILM – All film ending COLOR
-Color Negatives – for prints, ends in the word Color
-Color Transparency –For slides,ends in the word
Chrome
6. X-RAY film – A material which is sensitive to the X-Ray
region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Kinds of FILM
7. COLOR INFRA-RED FILM – A special type of film
which is sensitive to infra-red radiation, to violet and
blue green. In investigative photography, it is useful
in laboratory analysis of questionable documents. In
the discovery of old or faded tattoos or areas where
small objects are hidden under the skin, and in the
construction of camera traps.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Basic FILM Sizes
1. 110 Film – it is very small, not good for
enlargement.
2. 35 mm film – use for 35 mm adjustable cameras
and widely use today.
3. 120 and 220 roll film – used by medium format
cameras.
4. 4x5 inch film – sharp photographs are possible.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

BLACK & WHITE FILM
Most modern black & There are number of black and white films
white films, called available for 35 mm film cameras and
panchromatic films to medium format film cameras that can still
record the entire visible be found in stores. While there are also a
spectrum. Some films are number of special films that require unique
orthochromatic, processing, it would be best to work with
recording visible light the basic black and white film types and
wavelengths. learn how the film works before using
these special films.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of Black & White FILM
1. EMULSION- It consist of 2. GRAY/ANTI-HALATION BACKING
crystals of light-sensitive – It is placed between the
compound (silver nitrate) emulsions and the plastic base of a
evenly distributed throughout film to prevent whatever light
plastic base material. Silver passes through the emulsion and
Halide emulsions are reflected by the base back to the
universally sensitive to ultra- emulsion which forms halo.
violet radiations and some
wavelengths of blue-light. 3. BASE – these are made of
Gelatin is universally used as plastic material. They serve as a
the medium that holds the support.
crystals in the emulsions.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
How Black & White Film Works
When printing onto photo
The image on a black & white
paper light is able to pass
film negative is actually the
through the clear areas of the
inverse of the actual image.
negative resulting in more
That is to say, all the areas
light hitting the paper and
that show clear on the
leading to the dark spot.
negative will be black on the
Black areas of the negative
print and all black areas of the
are the opposite, resulting in
negative will show white.
less light hitting the paper to
leave a white spot. There are
many shades of gray in
between depending on the
10/20/2022 density
PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC of the negative.
How Black & White Film Works
image

image

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Characteristics Black & White Film
1. EMULSION SPEED – It is the Relatively insensitive film,
measure of photographic with a correspondingly
film’s sensitivity to light, lower speed index
determined by sensitometry requires more exposure
and measured various to light to produce the
numerical scales, the most sane image density as a
recent being the ISO system.
more sensitive film, and is
thus commonly termed
fast films.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Characteristics Black & White Film
• EMULSION SPEED INDICATORS:
1.1 ASA – Otherwise known a AMERICAN STANDARD ASSOCIATION, it is
expressed in arithmetical value in rating. Here are the ASA ratings : 12, 25, 50, 100,
200, 400, 800, and 1600. In the market ASA 100 is commonly known as plus X, double
X for ASA 200 and tri-X as for 400.

1.2 DIN – Means DEUTCHE INDUSTRI NORMEN, its rating is expressed in

logarithmic value. The following are the DIN Ratings : 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33.

1.3 ISO –its literal meaning is INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION, Its

rating is expressed in combined between arithmetical and logarithmic values. The
ASA ratings are as follows : 12/12, 25/15, 50/18, 100/21, 200/24, 400/27, 800/30 and
1600/33.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics Black & White Film
2. SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY – refers on the sensitivity of the film in the colors
of light which illuminated in the object being photographs.
Classification of Film According to Spectral Sensitivity.
2.1 Blue Sensitive Film – This film is sensitive to ultra-violet rays and
blue-light only.
2.2 Orthochromatic Film – This film is the same sensitivity in blue
sensitive film which is sensitive to ultra-violet rays and blue light only.
2.3 Panchromatic Film – the sensitivity of this film is for ultra-violet
radiation blue, green, and red light or all colors of light.
2.4 Infra-red Film – this film is sensitive to ultra-violet rays, to blue,
green, red light and infra-red rays
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics Black & White Film
3. GRANULARITY OR GRAININESS – The rule is : the lower the
refers to the size of the metallic emulsion speed rating of the
silver grains that are form after film, the finer is the grain and
development of an exposed film.
Generally, the size metallic silver
conversely, the higher the
grains are dependent on the emulsion speeds rating of the
emulsion speed of the film and the film, the bigger are the grains.
type of developing solution that is Likewise, a film developer will
used n processing. produce a finer grain than a
paper developer when used for
film processing.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
COLOR FILM
The earliest attempt to produce Since transparent dye preserve the
color films involved hand painting varying brightness of the black and
the negative or tinting it dye. white image, the result could look
Stencil based techniques such as naturalistic, but in fact the choice
pathechrome and the handschiel of what colors to use and where
color process were an extension of was made by a person.
this. Several dyes were rolled over Kinemacolor was the first process
the negative, each with an to capture natural color oon film
appropriate stencil underneath to stock.
restrict the dye to the desired parts
of the print

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of COLOR FILM
A Color film is consist of a 7 Layers.
1. Emulsion
2. Base
3. Anti-halation backing
4. Yellow Filter
5. Subbing Layer
6. Ultraviolet Absorbing Layer
7. Super Coat

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of COLOR FILM
1. EMULSION – It is the most
fundamental layer in a film. It is the
emulsion layers, adhered to the base
by means of a binder. The emulsion is
the photographic part of the film, These crystals are dissolves and
consist of dispersion of light sensitive mixed with other chemicals to form
materials in a colloidal medium, silver halide grains, and then
usually gelatin, carried as a thin suspended in the gelatin emulsion
layers on a film base. Emulsion is coating. The size and degree of light
made by dissolving silver bullion in sensitivity of these grains determines
nitric acid to form silver nitrate the speed or amount of light
crystals. required to registered an image.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Parts of COLOR FILM
In Color Films, three dye layers The three components also
register in the various parts of the optimized the color, contrast, and
color, one on top of the another, for tonal reproduction of film. In each
the full color effect in cyan, magenta, emulsion layer, color couplers are
and yellow dyes. In fact, each color dispersed in tiny oil droplets around
may have up to three layers ( fast, silver halide crystals. During
medium, slow) to capture the full subsequent processing steps, the
range of scene brightness from the silver is removed, leaving only
deepest shadows to the brightest colored dye clouds where film grains
highlights and to provide good used to be.
exposure latitude.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of COLOR FILM
Three types of Color Couplers in the Emulsion Layers
1. Yellow Dye Forming Coupler – It is located in the blue sensitive
emulsion layer.
2. Magenta Dye forming Coupler – Is located in the green sensitive
emulsion layer. This emulsion layer is not sensitive to red light. It is not
only sensitive to green light but also to blue light. However, the blue
light cannot reach it because of yellow filter.
3. Cyan Dye Forming Coupler – it is located in the red sensitive emulsion
layer.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of COLOR FILM
2. BASE – It is the supporting 3. ANTI-HALATION BACKING – It is the
layer in film is called the base. light penetrating the emulsion of a film
This base has to be transparent can reflect from the base emulsion
with some optical density, free interface back into the emulsion,
from imperfections, chemically causing a secondary exposure around
stable, insensitive images of bright objects. The secondary
photographically and resistant to image(halation) causes an undesirable
any moisture and processing reduction in the sharpness of the image
chemicals, while remaining and some light scattering. An anti-
mechanically strong, resistant to halation layer, a dark coating on or in
tearing, flexible and the film base, will absorb and minimize
dimensionally stable. this reflection
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Parts of COLOR FILM
4. YELLOW FILTER – It is the layer in
between the yellow dye forming 5. SUBBING LAYER – It is the
coupler magenta dye forming in the subbing layer applied to the film
emulsion which absorbs any unused base so that emulsion adheres to
blue light and prevents it from reaching the base.
the two layer emulsion layer the
magenta dye and cyan dye forming
couplers. The yellow colors in the filter
layer have no permanent effect on the
appearance of the film because it is
destroyed during processing.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Parts of COLOR FILM
6. ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBING
LAYER – Although we can’t see 7. SUPER COAT – It is the top
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, layer of the film. The purpose of
photosensitive silver halide this clear layer of hardened
crystals can be exposed by it. An gelatin is to protect the emulsion
ultra-violet absorbing layer is from damage during transport to
the camera
included to protect the imaging
layers from exposure by UV
radiation.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Parts of COLOR FILM

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Types of COLOR FILM
1. COLOR REVERSAL FILM –
Commonly called slide film or color
Alternatively, slide film is not nearly
positive film, creates the opposite of
as flexible as color negative or black
color negative film or black and
and white film. Exposure must be
white film. Instead of creating
precise and areas of high contrast
negative to be printed to a positive,
are much more difficult to properly
the slide film is a positive of the
expose with slide film. Slides can be
image. As such, the slide film
printed in the darkroom, but the
produces extremely rich and vibrant
process is generally more expensive.
colors that come closer to the actual
colors and tones present during
exposure.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
How Color Reversal Film Works
As the name reversal suggest, slide
film works the opposite of print film.
In print film the red, green and blue
emulsion layers are exposed and
leave a negative dye of cyan,
magenta and yellow. Slide film is a
When the film is exposed, the dye is
subtractive process that starts with
subtracted to reveal red, green and
layers of cyan, magenta and yellow.
blue colors. Thus, when processed
the film reveals the actual, positive,
colors of the image.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Types of COLOR FILM
2. COLOR NEGATIVE FILM – It is
also known as color print film, is
the type of film usually found in It is suffix “color” being given to
convenience stores. Color negative or non-reversal film. Its
negative film is very much “What example are as follows :
you see is what you get” when it Kodacolor, Fujicolor, Agfacolor
comes to coloration. It yields true and so on and so forth.
to life colors and contrast, which is
preferred by portrait and
wedding photographers.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
How Color Film Works
Color film consists of an acetate or Because of the complexity of
polyester film base with multiple emulsion layers, color film can be
emulsions coated on the base. Each exposed over a wide range of lighting
emulsion layer is only sensitive to conditions and is much more flexible
specific colors or lights. In the classic than black and white slide films.
example of color sensitivities are red, When the color film is developed,
green and blue (RGB). The top layer dye couplers within each red, green
of film is blue sensitive as all silver- and blue sensitive layer will produce
based films have some sensitivity to cyan, magenta and yellow dyes when
blue-light. Beneath the blue layer are developed, resulting in an inverse
green and red sensitive layers image.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
Photographic paper is a paper coated with a
light sensitive chemical formula, used for making
photographic prints. When photographic paper
is exposed to light it captures a latent image that
is then developed to form a visible image. The
light sensitive layer of the paper is called
emulsion
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Black & White Photographic Paper
All photographic papers consist of a light-sensitive
emulsion, consisting of silver halide salts suspended in a
colloidal material usually gelatin coated onto a paper,
resin coated paper or polyester support. In black and
white papers, the emulsion is normally sensitized to blue
and green light, but is insensitive to wavelength longer
than 600 nanometer in order to facilitate handling under
the red or orange safe lighting.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Characterisitics of Black & White Photographic Paper

1. EMULSION SPEED
1.1 Chloride Paper – It is a relatively slow printing paper
coated with an emulsion of silver chloride used mostly for
contact prints.
1.2 Bromide Paper – It is a fast printing paper coated with an
emulsion of silver bromide used mostly for enlargements.
1.3 – Chlorobromide Paper – It is a photographic paper
coated with a sensitive layer of a mixture of silver bromide and
silver chloride, giving a medium emulsion speed, used for
contact printing or enlarging.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics of Black & White Photographic Paper

2. EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE

2.1 Latitude – It is the degree or amount of which you can deviate
from the ideal exposure or development without appreciable loss of print
quality.
2.2 Exposure Latitude – It is the extents to which a light sensitive
material can be overexposed or underexposed and still achieve an
acceptable result.
2.3 – Development Latitude – Papers do not change appreciable in
contrast and image tone with reasonable variation in development has a
good latitude. However, for best quality the developing time should be as
near as those prescribed by the manufacturer.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics of Black & White Photographic Paper

3. CONTRAST – RANGE OR GRADE

3.1 Grade 0 and 1 – Are used on over-exposed or low
contrast negative.
3.2 Grade 2 – Is used on normal exposed or normal contrast
negative.
3.3 Grade 3 to 5 – Are used in under-exposed or high
contrast negative.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Characteristics of Black & White Photographic Paper

4. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 Surface – Photographic papers vary in surface texture or
degrees gloss or sheen. They are the glossy and smooth, semi-
matte or silk, and the matte or the rough surface
4.2 Base weight or thickness – Under this category, we have
the light weight, single weight, medium weight, and double
weight.
4.3 Color – May be cold or white with a very slight blue cast,
and the warm or cream where the white has a slight yellow
brown line.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics of Black & White Photographic Paper

4. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 Surface – Photographic papers vary in surface texture or
degrees gloss or sheen. They are the glossy and smooth, semi-
matte or silk, and the matte or the rough surface
4.2 Base weight or thickness – Under this category, we have
the light weight, single weight, medium weight, and double
weight.
4.3 Color – May be cold or white with a very slight blue cast,
and the warm or cream where the white has a slight yellow
brown line.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
Photographic printing papers are coated with light sensitive
emulsion and usually made up of three emulsion layers, each
sensitive to a different wavelength of light.

As they are sensitive to all All photographic papers come

lights, they must be handled packaged inside a light-proof
with care in a pitch-black black plastic bag inside a
darkroom or with very dim and cardboard box.
obscure amber safelights.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
Make sure to keep paper inside the sealed bag and box at all times,
especially when printing in a community lab where someone might
turn on the white lights without warning.

Color photographic paper that Handle paper by the edge and

is accidentally exposed to light corners, do not bend (paper will
will be fogged. Fogged paper is crease or touch the image area
unusable as it produces a gray (fingerprints will be permanent.
colored veil in affected areas. Fingerprints are more likely to
show up on a glossy paper .

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Characteristics of Color Photographic Paper
1. COLOR – each brand of color 2. SURFACE – papers are
paper tends to reproduce certain available in matte, semi-matte
colors differently. The variations (also called pearl or luster) and
are slight and are not advertised, glossy surfaces. Matte papers
but you may notice that one are lesser reflective than glossy
brand prints a little warmer or papers. Glossy papers tend to
cooler than another or that make the image sharper,
certain colors are more or less higher contrast, and with
vibrant. This is a result of the greater color saturation.
different dyes and paper base
used by manufacturer.
10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Characteristics of Color Photographic Paper
1. WEIGHT – Most color papers are medium weight, though
each brand will have a slightly different thickness. Boxes
containing sheets of paper come in the following standard sizes:
8x10’’ , 11x14’’, 16x20’’, 20x24’’, 20x30’’, and 30x40’’. For mural
prints, paper are usually available in rolls, which can be as large
as 72x100’’. If processing in a machine processor, check to see
the width of the feed tray.

10/20/2022 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC