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02 - BIOE 211 - Data Presentation (Compressed)

This document discusses different methods for presenting data, including tables, graphs, and text. It explains that tables are useful for presenting individual data points and comparing variables, while graphs simplify complex data by using visuals to emphasize patterns and trends. Common graphs described include bar charts, histograms, pie charts, frequency polygons, scatter plots, box plots, and line graphs. The appropriate graph to use depends on the type of data and insights sought.

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Julia Mariz Macawili
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76 views37 pages

02 - BIOE 211 - Data Presentation (Compressed)

This document discusses different methods for presenting data, including tables, graphs, and text. It explains that tables are useful for presenting individual data points and comparing variables, while graphs simplify complex data by using visuals to emphasize patterns and trends. Common graphs described include bar charts, histograms, pie charts, frequency polygons, scatter plots, box plots, and line graphs. The appropriate graph to use depends on the type of data and insights sought.

Uploaded by

Julia Mariz Macawili
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA PRESENTATION

Learning Objectives
▪ Explain the purpose and importance of data presentation
▪ Enumerate the essential components of a table
▪ Discuss the meaning of graphs
▪ Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of
graphical presentation of data
▪ Identify appreciate graphs to use for a given data
▪ Discuss the description and function of the different
graphs
Review
Basic concepts
Pictures of Data
▪ Depict the nature or shape of the data distribution
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
▪ Textual

▪ Tabular

▪ Graphical
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. Organize data 2. Summarize data
▪ Tables ▪ Central Tendency (or Groups’
• Frequency Distributions “Middle Values”)
• Mean
• Relative Frequency Distributions
• Median
• Mode
▪ Graphs
▪ Variation (or Summary of
▪ • Bar Chart or Histogram Differences Within Groups)
▪ • Stem and Leaf Plot • Range
▪ • Frequency Polygon • Interquartile Range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
Table Presentation
▪ Convey information that has been converted into words or numbers
in rows and columns.

▪ Tables are the most appropriate for presenting individual information,


and can present both quantitative and qualitative information.

▪ Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative information of


different variables and information with different units can be
presented together
WHAT IS A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to tell us how old they are.
The list of their ages is shown in Table 5.1
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
It is now easy to see how often each
age occurs
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ A table listing all classes and
their frequencies

▪ For nominal and ordinal data,


a frequency distribution
consists of a set of classes or
categories along with the
numerical counts that
correspond to each one.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ To display discrete or continuous data in the form of
a frequency distribution, break down the range of
values of the observations into a series of distinct,
non-overlapping intervals.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ The proportion of the total number of observations
that appears in that interval.

▪ It is computed by dividing the number of values


within an interval by the total number of values in
the table, multiplied by 100% to obtain the
percentage of values in the interval.

▪ Relative frequencies are useful for comparing sets


of data that contain unequal numbers of
observations
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ Is the percentage of the total
number of observations that have
a value less than or equal to the
upper limit of the interval

▪ It is calculated by summing the


relative frequencies for the
specified interval and all previous
ones.
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Text Presentation
▪ Main method of conveying information as it is used to explain results and
trends, and provide contextual information.
▪ Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
▪ For instance, information about the incidence rates of delirium following
anesthesia in 2016–2017 can be presented with the use of a few numbers:

▫ “The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was 11% in 2016 and 15%
in 2017; no significant difference of incidence rates was found between the two
years.”

 If this information were to be presented in a graph or a table, it would


occupy an unnecessarily large space on the page, without enhancing
the readers' understanding of the data
Graph Presentation
▪ Graphs simplify complex information by using
images and emphasizing data patterns or
trends, and are useful for summarizing,
explaining, or exploring quantitative data.

17
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
A. BAR CHARTS
▪ Popular type of graph used to display a frequency distribution for
nominal or ordinal data.

▪ In a bar chart, the various categories into which the observations


fall are presented along a horizontal axis.

▪ A vertical bar is drawn above each category such that the height
of the bar represents either the frequency or the relative
frequency of observations within that class.
B. HISTOGRAMS

▪ A histogram depicts a frequency distribution


for discrete or continuous data.
▪ It is a bar graph in which the horizontal scale
represents classes and the vertical scale
represents frequencies.
▪ The horizontal axis displays the true limits
of the various intervals.
▪ The true limits of an interval are the points
that separate it from the intervals on either
side.
HISTOGRAM
C. PARETO CHART
D. PIE CHART
▪ Useful for comparing
individual categories with
the total.
E. FREQUENCY POLYGONS
▪ It is constructed by placing a point at the center of each interval such that
the height of the point is equal to the frequency or relative frequency
associated with that interval.
▪ Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at the midpoints of the
intervals immediately preceding and immediately following the intervals
that contain observations.
▪ The points are then connected by straight lines.
FREQUENCY POLYGONS
FREQUENCY POLYGONS
Rating
(Midpoint) Frequency
0 - 2 (1) 20
3 – 5 (4) 14
6 – 8 (7) 15
9 – 11 (10) 2
12 – 14 (13) 1
F. SCATTER PLOTS
(One-Way Scatter Plots)

▪ Another type of graph that can be used to summarize


a set of discrete or continuous observations.
▪ Uses a single horizontal axis to display the relative
position of each data point in the group.
F. SCATTER PLOTS
Box Plots
▪ Box plots are similar to one-way scatter
plots in that they require a single axis;
instead of plotting every observation,
however, they display only a summary of
the data
F. SCATTER PLOTS
Two-Way Scatter Plots
▪ Used to depict the relationship
between two different
continuous measurements.
▪ Each point on the graph
represents a pair of values;
▪ The scale for one quantity is
marked on the horizontal axis,
or x-axis, and the scale for the
other on the vertical axis, or y-
axis.
G. Line Graphs
▪ Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be used to
illustrate the relationship between continuous quantities.
▪ Each point on the graph represents a pair of values.
▪ Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
▪ Useful for representing time-series data\
▪ Useful for studying patterns and trends across data
▪ Also appropriate for representing not only time-series
data, but also data measured over the progression of a
continuous variable such as distance.
LINE GRAPHS
LINE GRAPHS
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Dot Plot
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Stem-and Leaf Plot

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