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Chapter 1 .Properties of Gases - Lecture 2.

This document discusses properties of gases including: 1. It defines perfect gases and their behavior, describing them as collections of molecules that move randomly and are unaffected by intermolecular forces. 2. It explains the states of gases and gas laws, noting that the state of a perfect gas is defined by temperature, pressure, volume, and number of moles. 3. It discusses real gases and deviations from ideal behavior due to molecular interactions, covering the van der Waals equation and principle of corresponding states.

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Mahmoud Mahmoud
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32 views

Chapter 1 .Properties of Gases - Lecture 2.

This document discusses properties of gases including: 1. It defines perfect gases and their behavior, describing them as collections of molecules that move randomly and are unaffected by intermolecular forces. 2. It explains the states of gases and gas laws, noting that the state of a perfect gas is defined by temperature, pressure, volume, and number of moles. 3. It discusses real gases and deviations from ideal behavior due to molecular interactions, covering the van der Waals equation and principle of corresponding states.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Mahmoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪Lecture 2‬‬
Properties of Gases

The Perfect Gas


– States of gases
– Gas laws
Real Gases
– Molecular interactions
– van der Waals equation
– Principle of corresponding states
Kinetic Model of Gases
Phases of Matter
Three basic phases of matter:
Gas - Liquid - Solid
Perfect Gases
We shall consider a hypothetical perfect or ideal gas,
which is a form of matter that completely fills any
container.

A perfect gas is pictured as a collection of molecules or


atoms which undergo continuous random motion.

A gas differs from a liquid in that, except during


collisions, the molecules of a gas are widely separated
from one another and move in paths that are largely
unaffected by intermolecular forces.
States of Gases

The physical state of a substance is defined by its


physical properties.
The state of a perfect pure gas is defined by:
Each substance is described by an equation of state,
which correlates the variables describing that state.
For example, for a perfect gas:
The state of a pure gas, for example, is specified by
giving its volume, V, amount of substance (number of
moles), n, pressure, p, and temperature, T. However,
it has been established experimentally that it is
sufficient to specify only three of these variables, for
then the fourth variable is fixed.
Rationalization for
a Molecular System
Boyle’s law strictly only applies to ideal gases at very low
pressures, when there are very few molecular collisions and
very few interactions between the molecules.

At the molecular scale:


When the volume is halved, for example, twice as many
molecules hit the walls in a given period of time, thus
doubling the pressure. In this case, pV = constant. A similar
argument holds for all pressure and volume combinations
IF the gases are at a low enough pressure so that all
particles are non-interacting. THUS, also independent of
identity of the gas.
Mixture of Gases
When we have a mixture of two or more gases, what
contribution do each of the member gases make to the overall
pressure of the system?
Dalton’s Law: The total pressure exerted by a homogeneous
mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of
the individual gases. The partial pressure of a gas is the
pressure it would exert if all the other gases in the mixture
were absent.
If the partial pressure of gas A is pA, and the partial pressure of
gas B is pB, etc. then the total pressures for gases in the same
vessel is:

So for each component i there is a pressure pi:


Mole Fractions
For each component of a gaseous mixture J, the mole fraction,
xJ, is the amount of J expressed as a fraction of the total
number of molecules:

It should be obvious that:


xA + xB + ... = 1
The partial pressure of gas J in the mixture is formally defined
as:

Where p is the total pressure. It follows that for both real and
perfect gases that:

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