HOLY CHILD PUBLIC

SCHOOL
CHEMISTRY PROJECT: EMF OF CELL

SUBMIT T ED BY: GUIDED BY:

SANCHIT KUMAR MRS.AKVINDER KAUR
CLASS-XII-B
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SANCHIT KUMAR of class 12th has successfully
completed the project work on chemistry, titled as “EMF OF CELL”, for
class XII practical examination of the Central Board of Secondary
Education in the year 2022- 2023. It is further certified that this project
is the individual work of the candidate.
Principal Subject Teacher
Mrs. ANSHOO Tandon Mrs. Akvinder Kaur
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “EMF OF CELL”
submitted to the “HOLY CHILD PUBLIC SCHOOL", is a record of
original work done by me except of the experiments, which
are duly acknowledged, under the guidance of my subject
teacher “Mrs.AKVINDER KAUR” ma’am.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRO CHEMICAL CELL
REPRESENTATION OF AN ELECTRO CHEMICAL CELL
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
SALT BRIDGE AND ITS FUNCTION
STANDARD EMF OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
CONCLUSION
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to our school ‘HOLY CHILD
PUBLIC SCHOOL’, principal mam ‘Mrs. ANSHOO TANDON’, to the
management team of our school who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic EMF OF CELL, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so
many new things. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited
time. THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
 Introduction
Electro Chemical Cell
Whenever a redox reaction is allowed to take place directly in a single
beaker, it is found that the solution becomes hot. For example, when a
zinc is placed in a copper solution, the solution is found to be warmer as
the reaction proceeds according to the equation.
Zn (s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Similar results are observed when a rod of copper is placed in silver solution. The reaction
taking place as follows:
Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3 CUNO3 + 2Ag
Thus, we conclude that whenever a redox takes place directly in a single
beaker, chemical energy in the form of heat is produced. By suitable means
it is possible to bring out the redox reaction indirectly so as to convert the
chemical energy into the electrical energy.
Representation of an Electrochemical Cell
An electrochemical cell is represented in a manner as illustrated below.

Zn / Zn2+|| Cu2+/ Cu

i.e. by convention, the electrode on which oxidation takes place is written

on the left-hand side and the other electrode on which reduction takes
place is written on the right-hand side. The electrode of the left-hand side
is written by writing the symbol of the metal first followed by the symbol
of the ion with its concentration in brackets. The electrode on the right-
hand side is written by first writing the ion along with its concentration in
brackets followed by the symbol of the metal.
 Experimental Setup
A zinc rod is placed in the zinc sulphate solution taken in a beaker. A copper rod is
placed in the copper sulphate solution taken in another beaker. The two rods are
connected by a wire and two solutions are connected by a salt bridge.
 Salt Bridge and Its Function
A salt-bridge is a U-shaped tube containing concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte
like KCl, KNO3, K2SO4 etc. An inert electrolyte is one whose ions do not take part in the
redox reaction and also do not react with electrolyte used. The function of the salt bridge
is to allow the movement of the ions from one solution to the other without mixing of the
two solutions. Thus, whereas the electrons flow in the outer circuit in the wire, the inner
circuit is completed by the flow of ions from one solution to the other through the salt
bridge moreover, it helps to maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution of the two
half cells.
Thus, the main functions of the salt bridge are:
• To complete the electrical circuit by allowing the ions to flow form one
solution to the other without mixing of the two solutions.
• To maintain the electrical neutrality of the solutions in the two half cells.
Let us see what would happen if the salt bridge were not used in the cells shown in
the above diagram. Electrons are given out by the zinc electrode where they will
neutralize some of the Cu2+ ions of the solution. Thus SO42- ions will not leave and the
solution will acquire a negative charge. At the same time, Zn2+ ions produced from
zinc plate will enter into ZnSO4solution. After some time, the flow of electrons will
stop and hence the current stops flowing.
 Standard EMF of an
Electrochemical Cell
An electrochemical cell is based on reaction which can be split into the
two half reactions:
(i) Oxidation half reaction
(ii) Reduction half reaction
Standard EMF of the cell:
𝑬𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍= 𝑬𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆− 𝑬𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆
Where,
Ecell= Electrode Potential of the cell
Ecathode= Electrode Potential of the reduction half reaction
Eanode= Electrode Potential of the oxidation half reaction
According to Nernst Equation, the relation between concentration of electrode and the standard electrode potential
can be given as:
𝑬 = 𝑬° −𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈[𝑴]/[𝑴𝒏+]
Where,
E = Electrode Potential at non-standard conditions
E˚ = Electrode Potential at standard conditions
n = Number of electrons transferred in the equation
[M] = concentration of the metal
[Mn+] = concentration of metal ion
 Some Important Features
Above cell may be summed up as follows:-
 The electrode at which oxidation takes place is called the anode. The electrode at which the reduction takes
place is called the cathode.
 Since electrons are produced at the zinc electrodes, this electrode is rich in electrons, which pushes the
electrons into the external circuit and hence it is designated as the negative pole. The other electrode, i.e., the
copper electrode is in the need of electrons for the reduction of Cu2+ions into the Cu, i.e., this electrode is
deficient in electrons and pulls the electrons from the external circuit, therefore it acts as the positive pole.
 The electrons flow from the negative pole to the positive pole in the external circuit. However,
conventionally, this current is set to flow in the opposite direction.
 The oxidation of Zn into ions produces excess ofZn2+ions in the left beaker. This creates an unbalanced
positive charge in the solution. To maintain electrical neutrality of the solution in the two beakers, the cations
and anions move through the salt bridge.
 As copper from copper sulphate solution is deposited on the copper electrode and sulphate ions migrate to the
other side, the concentration of the copper sulphate solution decreases. As the cell operates consequently, the
current falls.
 Evidently, the weight of the copper rod will increase while that of zinc rod will decrease as the cell works.
 Procedure:
1. Take two clean beakers.
2. In one beaker take 0.5 M copper sulphate solution and in the other take 0.5 M zinc
sulphate solution.
3. Take a copper strip and clean it using a sand paper.
4. Dip the copper strip into the beaker containing the 1 M copper sulphate solution.
5. Similarly, take a zinc strip and clean it using a sand paper.
6. Then dip it into the beaker containing 1 M zinc sulphate solution.
7. Take a salt bridge and connect the two solutions using the salt bridge.
8. Take a voltmeter and connect the copper strip to the positive terminal and the zinc strip to
the negative terminal using connecting wires.
9. Note the position of the pointer in the voltmeter and record the reading.
10. Repeat the experiment by taking different concentrations of zinc sulphate and copper
sulphate solutions.
 OBSERVATION TABLE

a
Experimental setup
 conclusion

With these observations, we conclude that EMF of the cell increases

with decrease in the concentration of the electrolyte around the anode
and with increase in the concentration of the electrolyte around the
cathode.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Chemistry Part-I, Textbook for class XII
•  http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Di-Fa/Electrochemistry.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniell_cell
• https://chemcollective.org/chem/electrochem/step2_cell.php
TEACHER’S REMARK