PRE-CALCULUS

JOHN JERIC M. SENDICO

COURSE OUTLINE
• Chapter 1: Analytic Geometry
• Chapter 2: Mathematical Induction
• Chapter 3: Trigonometry
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
CONIC SECTIONS
PRE-CALCULUS: CHAPTER ONE
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
1. illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse,
circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases;
2. define a circle;
3. determine the standard form of equation of a circle;
4. graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system; and
5. solve situational problems involving conic sections (circles)
Brief history of Conics
• Conic sections is one of the oldest math subject studied.
• The conics were discovered by Greek mathematician
Menaechmus (c. 375-325 BC)
• Menaechmus’s intelligence was highly regarded… he tutored
Alexander the Great.
Brief history of Conics
• Appollonius (c. 262-190 BC) wrote about conics in his series
of books simply titled “Conic Sections”.
• Appollonious’ nickname was “the Great Geometer”
• He was the first to base the theory of all three conics on
sections of one circular cone.
• He is also the one to give the name “ellipse”, “parabola”, and
“hyperbola”.
Conic Sections
• Figures created when a double-napped cone is cut by a plane

Circle Parabola
Ellipse Hyperbola
Degenerate Conics
How do you define circle?
• Algebraic definition: a set of points in the plane that are equidistant
from a fixed point on the plane (the center).

• The geometric definition relies on a cone and a plane intersecting it

Definition of a circle
• With the point C(3, 1) shown.
From the figure, the distance of
A(−2, 1) from C is AC = 5. By the
distance formula, the distance of
B(6, 5) from C is BC =. There are
other points P such that PC = 5.
The collection of all such points
which are 5 units away from C,
forms a circle.
Equation of a Circle
• Let C be a given point. The set of all points P
having the same distance from C is called a
circle. The point C is called the center of the
circle, and the common distance its radius.
Example 1.1
In each item, give the standard equation of the circle satisfying the
given conditions.
• (1) center at the origin, radius 4
• (2) center (−4, 3), radius 7
• It has a diameter with endpoints A(−1, 4) and B(4, 2).
• center (5,−6), tangent to the y-axis
Example 1.1
General Form of Circle
• There are two forms of equation of a circle.
• Standard form
• General form
Example 1.1.2
Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in
each item. Sketch its graph, and indicate the center.
Problem Solving

A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide, goes through a semicircular

tunnel with radius 12 ft. How high is the tunnel at the edge of each
lane?
ELLIPSE
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of all those points in a plane such that the sum of
their distances from two fixed points in the plane, is constant. The fixed
points are known as the foci (singular focus), which are surrounded by
the curve.
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

Wherein a>b and a>c, by analysis

Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

1. Center: origin (0, 0)

2. foci : F1(−c, 0) and F2(c, 0)
Each focus is c units away from the center.
For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its
distances from the foci is 2a.
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

3. Vertices: V1(−a, 0) and V2(a, 0)

The vertices are points on the ellipse,
collinear with the center and foci.
The segment V1V2 is called the major axis.
Its length is 2a. It divides the ellipse
into two congruent parts.
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

4. Covertices: W1(0,−b) and W2(0, b)

The segment through the center,
perpendicular to the major axis,
is the minor axis. It meets the Ellipse at
the covertices. It divides the ellipse
into two congruent parts.
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

4. Covertices: W1(0,−b) and W2(0, b)

The minor axis W1W2 is 2b units long.
Since a > b, the major axis is longer
than the minor axis.
Example
Give the coordinates of foci, vertices, covertices of the given ellipse
Example

Find the (standard) equation of the ellipse whose foci are F1(−3, 0) and
F2(3, 0), such that for any point on it, the sum of its distances from the
foci is 10.
Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

Wherein a>b and a>c, by analysis

Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• define an ellipse;
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse;
• graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system; and
• solve situational problems involving conic sections