Unit Iv - Part Ii
Unit Iv - Part Ii
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS
SCS1302
UNIT IV – PART I
26/10/2022 1
Syllabus
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Viewing position is far enough away from poly so that V R is constant over area
of poly (specular)
Flat surface rendering
Flat surface rendering
Flat surface rendering
• One problem with flat surface rendering is that discontinuities arise on
boundaries of polygons.
Gouraud Shading
• Shadow can help to create realism. Without it, a cup, eg., on a table may
look as if the cup is floating in the air above the table.
• By applying hidden-surface methods with pretending that the position of a
light source is the viewing position, we can find which surface sections
cannot be "seen" from the light source => shadow areas.
• We usually display shadow areas with ambient-light intensity only.
Ray-Tracing Methods
• By using the Ray-casting, we can have a simple and powerful rendering
technique for obtaining global reflection and transmission effects.
• Refer the link for Ray Tracing notes:
http://math.hws.edu/graphicsbook/c8/s1.html
Photo-Realism
28
Created by Jan Oberlaender – CISC 640
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Created by Jan Oberlaender – CISC 640
30
Created by Donald Hyatt
http://www.tjhsst.edu/~dhyatt/superap/povray.html 31
• In ray tracing, a ray of light is traced in a backwards
direction.
• We start from the eye or camera and trace the ray through a pixel in the
image plane into the scene and determine what it intersects
• The pixel is then set to the color values returned by the ray.
• If the ray misses all objects, then that pixel is shaded the background color
Overview
• Forward Ray tracing
• Rays from light source bounce of
objects before reaching the camera
• Computational wastage
• Backward Ray tracing
• Track only those rays that finally
made it to the camera
Courtesy: Angel 33
Color Models
COLOR MODEL
• Color Model- Method for explaining the properties or behavior of
color within some particular context.
• No single model can explain all aspects of color.
Physical properties of light
• All kinds of light can be
described by the energy of each
wavelength
• The distribution showing the
relation between energy and
wavelength (or frequency) is
called energy spectrum
Physical properties of light
This distribution may indicate:
1) a dominant wavelength (or frequency) which is the color of the
light (hue), cp. ED
2) brightness (luminance), intensity of the light (value), cp. the area A
3) purity How pure the color of the light appears.
Physical properties of light
Energy spectrum for a light source with a dominant
frequency near the red color
Color definitions
• Complementary colors - two colors combine to produce white light
• Primary colors - (two or) three colors used for describing other colors
• A color model is an orderly system for creating a whole range of colors from a small set of primary
colors.
• There are two types of color models, those that are subtractive and those that are additive.
• Additive color models use light to display color while subtractive models use printing inks.
• Colors perceived in additive models are the result of transmitted light.
• Colors perceived in subtractive models are the result of reflected light.
Additive mixing
• pure colors are put close to each other => a mix on the retina of the human eye (cp.
RGB)
• overlapping gives yellow, cyan, magenta and white
• the typical technique on color displays
Subtractive mixing
• color pigments are mixed directly in some liquid, e.g. ink
• each color in the mixture absorbs its specific part of the incident light
• the color of the mixture is determined by subtraction of colored light,
e.g. yellow absorbs blue => only red and green, i.e. yellow, will reach
the eye (yellow because of addition)
Subtractive mixing,cont’d
• primary colors: cyan, magenta and yellow, i.e. CMY
• the typical technique in printers/plotters
• connection between additive and subtractive primary colors (cp. the
color models RGB and CMY)
Additive/subtractive mixing
C (cyan) = G + B = W - R
M (magenta) = R + B = W - G
Y (yellow) = R + G = W – B
Overview of color models
The human eye can perceive about 382000(!) different colors
Necessary with some kind of classification sys-tem; all using three
coordinates as a basis:
1) CIE standard
2) RGB color model
3) CMY color model (also, CMYK)
4) HSV color model
5) HLS color model
CIE standard
Commission Internationale
de L’Eclairage (1931)
• not a computer model
• each color = a weighted
sum of three imaginary
primary colors
CIE primaries : Chromaticity Diagram
c 1 r
m 1 g
y 1 b
CMYK model
For printing and graphics art industry, CMY is not enough; a fourth
primary, K which stands for black, is added.
Conversions between RGB and CMYK are possible, although they
require some extra processing.
HSV model
• HSV stands for Hue-Saturation-Value
• described by a hexcone derived from the RGB cube
HSV model,cont’d
• Hue (0-360°); ”the
color”, the dominant
wave-length
• Saturation (0-1); ”the
amount of white”
• Value (0-1); ”the
amount of black”
HSV
• HSV Color Model Hue, Saturation, Value or HSV is a color model that describes
colors (hue or tint) in terms of their shade (saturation) and their brightness (value).
HSV color model is based on polar coordinates; Developed in the 1970s for
computer graphics applications, HSV is used today in color pickers, in image editing
software, and less commonly in image analysis and computer vision.
• HSV Color Model • Hue (H), the color type (such as red, green). It ranges from 0 to
360 degree, with red at 0 degree, green at 120 degree, blue at 240 degree and so
on. The two representations rearrange the geometry of RGB in an attempt to be
more intuitive and perceptually relevant ,based on the color wheel.
• HSV Color Model • Saturation (S) of the color ranges from 0 to 100%. Also
sometimes, it called the "purity". The lower the saturation of a color, the more
"grayness" is present and the more faded the color will appear. • Value (V), the
Brightness (V) of the color ranges from 0 to 100%. It is a nonlinear transformation of
the RGB color space. Note that HSV and HSB are the same.
HLS model
Another model similar to HSV
L stands for Lightness
Color models
Some more facts about colors:
The distance between two colors in the color cube is not a measure of
how far apart the colors are perceptionally!
Humans are more sensitive to shifts in blue (and green?) than, for
instance, in yellow