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BCB 203 Lecture 3

This document discusses membrane transport proteins and their role in transporting molecules across cell membranes. It outlines two major classes of membrane transport proteins: transporters and channels. Transporters bind specific solutes and undergo conformational changes to transport them, while channels form aqueous pores to allow faster passive transport. The document also describes the three main types of active transport - coupled transporters, ATP-driven pumps, and light-driven pumps - which use energy sources to transport solutes against a concentration gradient.

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48 views

BCB 203 Lecture 3

This document discusses membrane transport proteins and their role in transporting molecules across cell membranes. It outlines two major classes of membrane transport proteins: transporters and channels. Transporters bind specific solutes and undergo conformational changes to transport them, while channels form aqueous pores to allow faster passive transport. The document also describes the three main types of active transport - coupled transporters, ATP-driven pumps, and light-driven pumps - which use energy sources to transport solutes against a concentration gradient.

Uploaded by

ShAkil Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BCB 203 Lecture 3

Principles of membrane transport P1


Membrane Transport Proteins
The lipid bilayer of cell membranes restricts the passage of most polar
molecules >> differential concentration of solutes in the cytosol and
ECF and membrane bound compartments
Membrane Transport Proteins

Ion concentration differences across the lipid bilayer are


useful for:

1. Driving various transport processes


2. Conveying electrical signals in electrically excitable cells
3. Making most of the cell’s ATP
4. Cell signaling
Protein-Free Lipid Bilayers Are
Impermeable to Ions
The rate at which a molecule diffuses
across a synthetic lipid bilayer depend on
its size and solubility

The smaller the molecule and the less


polar it is, the more rapidly it diffuses
across the bilayer
Major Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins

• All membrane transport proteins are multipass transmembrane


proteins

• Transporters and channels are the two major classes of membrane


transport proteins

• Transporters (also called carriers, or permeases) bind the specific


solute to be transported and undergo a series of conformational
changes that alternately expose solute-binding sites on one side of
the membrane and then on the other to transfer the solute across it
Major Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins

• Channels, form continuous pores that extend across the lipid


bilayer, interact with the solute to be transported much more
weakly
• When open, the pores allow specific solutes to pass through
them and thereby cross the membrane
• Transport through channels occurs at a much faster rate than
transport mediated by transporters/ carriers

Example: Although water can slowly diffuse across synthetic lipid


bilayers, cells use dedicated channel proteins (aquaporins) that
greatly increase the permeability of their membranes to water
Two main classes of membrane transport proteins:
Transporters and Channels

All these proteins are multi-pass transmembrane proteins

1. Transporters bind to a specific solute and undergo a series of


conformational changes

2. Channel proteins interact with the solute much more weakly; form aqueous
pores; transport at a much faster rate
Transporters and passive transport
Model of how a conformational change in a transporter mediates the passive
movement of a solute

A conformational change in a transporter could mediate the passive


transport of a solute
Solutes cross membranes by passive or active transport
Active Transport

• In primary active transport, the energy is


derived directly from the breakdown of ATP

• In the secondary active transport, the energy


is derived secondarily from energy that has
been stored in the form of ionic concentration
differences between the two sides of a
membrane
Note*:
✔ The active transport is mediated by transporters whose
pumping activity is directional because it is tightly coupled to a
source of metabolic energy, such as an ion gradient or ATP
hydrolysis

✔ Transmembrane movement of small molecules mediated by


transporters can be either active or passive, whereas that
mediated by channels is always passive
Transporters and Active transport
Cells carry out active transport in three main
ways:

(1) Coupled transporters couple the uphill


transport of one solute across the
membrane to the downhill transport of
another

(2) ATP-driven pumps couple uphill


transport to the hydrolysis of ATP

(3) Light-driven pumps, found mainly in


bacteria and archaea, couple uphill transport
to an input of energy from light
ATP-driven pumps
• ATP-driven pumps are often called transport ATPases because
they hydrolyze ATP to ADP and phosphate and use the energy
released to pump ions or other solutes across a membrane

• There are three principal classes of ATP-driven pumps and


representatives of each are found in all prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells

20
ATP-driven pumps

• 1. P-type pumps are structurally and functionally related multipass


transmembrane proteins. They are called “P-type” because they
phosphorylate themselves during the pumping cycle e.g. ion pumps of
Na+, K+, H+, and Ca2+ across cell membranes

• 2. ABC transporters (ATP-Binding Cassette transporters) differ


structurally from P-type ATPases and primarily pump small molecules
across cell membranes

• 3. V-type pumps are turbine-like protein machines, constructed from


multiple different subunits
ATP-driven pumps

P- type ABC
V- F-type
type
F-type ATPases
• F-type ATPases ( ATP synthases ) are structurally related to
the V-type pumps, found in plasma membranes of bacteria,
inner membrane of micochondria and thylakoid membrane
of chloroplasts

• They use the H+ gradient across the membrane to drive the


synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate

24
Reading resources
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/transport-across-
the-cell-membrane/

https://www.ck12.org/biology/cell-transport/lesson/Cell-Transport-Advanced-BIO-AD
V/

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