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ABG Analysis

This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It discusses (1) what an ABG test measures, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels; (2) normal ABG values; (3) indications for an ABG test such as assessing ventilation and oxygenation status; and (4) the procedure for performing an ABG analysis, including necessary equipment, patient preparation, sampling technique, and complications. The goal is to help healthcare providers properly interpret ABG results.

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267 views

ABG Analysis

This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It discusses (1) what an ABG test measures, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels; (2) normal ABG values; (3) indications for an ABG test such as assessing ventilation and oxygenation status; and (4) the procedure for performing an ABG analysis, including necessary equipment, patient preparation, sampling technique, and complications. The goal is to help healthcare providers properly interpret ABG results.

Uploaded by

somashekhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arterial Blood Gas

(ABG)

BY
DEEPIKA JOSHI
2nd YEAR BSC NURSING
(2020-21)
INTRODUCTION

Many methods exist to guide


the interpretation of the ABG.
This discussion does not
include some methods, such
Interpreting an arterial blood
The following six-step as analysis of base excess or
gas (ABG) is a crucial skill
process helps ensure a Stewart's strong ion
for Physicians, Nurses,
complete interpretation of difference. A summary of
Respiratory Therapists, and
every ABG. In addition, you these techniques can be found
other health care personnel.
will find tables that list in some of the suggested
ABG interpretation is
commonly encountered acid- articles. It is unclear whether
especially important in
base disorders. these alternate methods offer
critically ill patients.
clinically important
advantages over the presented
approach, which is based on
the "anion gap."

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


WHAT IS AN ARTERIAL
BLOOD GAS TEST?
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures oxygen
and carbon dioxide levels in blood. It also
measures body's acid base (pH) level, which is
normally balanced when healthy.

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


OBJECTIVES:
1.Understand ABG and its terms

2.Know some of the indications and


contraindications for performing an arterial
puncture.

3.Be able to demonstrate the technique for


performing an arterial puncture.

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


NORMAL ABG VALUES

NORMAL VALUES:

pH 7.35-7.45

CO2 35-45

pO2 80-100

HCO3 22-26

SAT.O2  95-100%

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


INDICATIONS:
• Assess the ventilatory status, oxygenation and acid base status.

• Assess the response to an intervention.

•Regulate electrolyte therapy.

•Establish preoperative baseline parameters.

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


Arterial blood gas test results may show whether:

• Your lungs are getting enough


oxygen.

•Your lungs are removing enough


carbon dioxide.

• Your kidneys are working


properly.
PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
Blood Draw Points For ABC Analysis:

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


EQUIPMENTS:
•Arterial blood gas syringe 
• Needles (20, 23 and 25 gauge, of
different lengths)
•Alcohol wipe- 70% isopropyl
•Gauze
• Tape
• Lidocaine - with small needle/syringe
for administration
•Sharps container
•Gloves
PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
•Apron
PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
PROCEDURE:

Local anesthetic

The sample is routinely obtained from the radial artery and it is


recognized that that the procedure causes significant pain for the
patient and that this can be markedly reduced by  use of the
subcutaneous local anesthetic.
PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
PROCEDURE OF ABG
Gather the necessary following equipment:
• a blue (23 G) needle
• 2ml syringe with heparin
• a cap for the syringe
• a plastic bung
• local anaesthetic (plus needle and syringe for giving alcohol gel)
• gauze
• gloves
• a sharps bin
Usually, the syringe, needle, cap and bung are all providedP Rin one pack.
ESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
PREPRATION: PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI

1. Position the patient's arm preferably on a pillow for comfort with the wrist extended (20-30°)
2. Prepare all the equipment in the equipment tray using an aseptic non touch technique
3. Palpate the radial artery on the patient's non-dominant hand (most pulsatile over the lateral anterior
aspect of the wrist) 
4. Clean the site with an alcohol wipe for 30 seconds and allow to dry before proceeding
5. Wash hands again
6. Don gloves and apron
7. Prepare and administer lidocaine subcutaneously over the planned puncture site (aspirate to ensure you
are not in a blood vessel before injecting the local anesthetic)

8. Allow at least 60 seconds for the local anesthetic to work 

9. Attach the needle to the ABG syringe, expel the heparin and pull the syringe plunger to the required fill
level (check with your local laboratory)
TAKING THE SAMPLE:
1. Palpate the radial artery with your non-dominant hand's index finger
around 1cm proximal to the planned puncture site (avoiding directly touching
the planned puncture site that you have just cleaned)
2. Warn the patient you are going to insert the needle
3. Holding the ABG syringe like a dart insert the ABG needle through the skin
at an angle of 45° over the point of maximal radial artery pulsation (which you
identified during palpation)
4. Advance the needle into the radial artery until you observe blood flashback
into the ABG syringe
5. The syringe should then begin to self-fill in a pulsatile manner (do not pull
back the syringe plunger)
PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI
CONTD.........
6. Once the required amount of blood has been collected remove the needle and
apply immediate firm pressure over the puncture site with some gauze 
7. Engage the needle safety guard 
8. Remove the ABG needle from the syringe and discard safely into a sharps
bin
 9. Place a cap onto the ABG syringe and label the sample 
10. Yourself or a colleague should continue to apply firm pressure for 3-5
minutes to reduce the risk of hematoma formation

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


To complete the procedure
• Dress the puncture site
• Thank the patient
•Dispose gloves and equipment into an appropriate clinical waste bin
• Wash hands
•Take the ABG sample to be analysed as soon as possible after being
taken as delays longer than 10 minutes can affect the accuracy of
results

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


Complications related to ABG sampling:

•Arteriospasm
• Hematoma
• Nerve damage
•Fainting

•Other problems can include a drop in blood pressure, complaints of feeling


faint, sweating or pallor that may precede a loss of consciousness.

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


NURSES RESPONSIBILITY DURING ABG ANALYSIS :

• An ABG is generally performed by the Doctors, physician,


respiratory therapist and phlebotomist but nowadays Nurses also
performs
• Providing health promotion
• Counselling and educating about the procedure
• Report if changes or variation in ABGs values or electrolytes
• Maintain adequate hydration

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) Annamma Jacob, Rekha R , Jadhav sonali Tarachand; Clinical


Nursing procedure: The art of nursing practice. 5 th edition,
Jyapee publication
2) Lewis , Chintamani, Mrinalini mani ; Medical Surgical Nursing.
2nd south Asian edition, ELSEVIER publication

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI


THANK YOU

PRESENTED BY DEEPIKA JOSHI

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