ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT (Open Elective)

Subject Code 18EE754 IA Marks 40

Exam Hours 03 Exam Marks 60

Prepared By:
Prof. Mahant G K
Asst Prof, EEED TCE Gadag
Content:

 Energy Scenarios
 Types of Energy Audits and Energy-Audit Methodology:
 Survey Instrumentation
“The Air, the Water, and the Earth are
not gift from our parents but are loan
from our Children ”

“NEED BASED CONSUMPTION

“NEED BASED CONSUMPTION”
INSTEAD OF
INSTEAD
GREED BASED OF
CONSUMPTION AS THE
ALTERNATIVE”
“GREED BASED CONSUMPTION”
AS THE ALTERNATE.
1.1 Introduction

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic

development of any country.

Energy can be classified into several types based on the

following criteria:
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
1.2 Primary and Secondary Energy
1.2…,

Primary energy sources are those that are either found

or stored in nature.

Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural

gas, and biomass (such as wood).

Other primary energy sources available include nuclear

energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy
stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to
earth's gravity.
1.3 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy
Commercial Energy
1.3.1 Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are available in the market for a

definite price are known as commercial energy.
Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in the
modern world.
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
1.3.2 Non-Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial

market for a price are classified as non-commercial energy.

Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy

for water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain, fish
and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water
for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water
and electricity generation.
1.4 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are
essentially inexhaustible
The most important feature of renewable energy is that it
can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants
Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as
coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time
1.5 Global Primary Energy Reserves*
(*Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004)

Coal
The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 9,84,453
million tones by end of 2003.
The USA had the largest share of the global reserve (25.4%)
followed by Russia (15.9%), China (11.6%). India was 4th in the
list with 8.6%.

Oil
The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1147
billion barrels by the end of 2003. Saudi Arabia had the
largest share of the reserve with almost 23%.
(One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres)
Gas
The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176
trillion cubic meters by the end of 2003. The Russian
Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost
27%.
(*Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004)
Global Primary Energy Consumption
The global primary energy consumption at the end of
2003 was equivalent to 9741 million tones of oil
equivalent (MTOE).
The Figure 1.3 shows in what proportions the sources
mentioned above contributed to this global figure.
The primary energy consumption for few of the developed and
developing countries are shown in Table 1.1.
 The Reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) is the remaining amount of
a non-renewable resource, expressed in time.

 RPR = (amount of known resource) / (amount used per year)

 Reserve-to-production ratios may be calculated for individual countries
or globally for specific resources. Oil, coal, and gas are the three most
important fuels for powering the modern world. These resources are not
uniformly distributed over the earth, so some countries have larger
reserves than others. Due to the uncertainty of the reserves numbers,
estimates of RPR vary widely. Following table is from the data of the
year 2015 by BP statistical review.

Fuel Unit of Reserves Annual RPR (years)

measure Production
Oil billions of tons 240 5 51
Coal billions of tons 890 8 114
trillions of
Natural gas 190 4 53
cubic meters
Power Sector at a Glance "ALL INDIA"
Total Installed Capacity As on 31-5-2015
Fuel MW %age
Total Thermal 189313.56 69.47
Coal 165257.88 86.29
Gas 23062.15 12.18
Oil 993.53 0.52
Hydro (Renewable) 41632.43 15.27
Nuclear 5780.00 2.12
RES** (MNRE) 35776.96 13.12
Total 272502.95 100
Sector MW %age
State Sector 94914.80 35
Central Sector 72721.16 27
Private Sector 104866.99 38
Total 272502.95
1.6 Indian Energy Scenario
Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing
to 55% of the total primary energy production.

Over the years, there has been a marked increase in

the share of natural gas in primary energy production
from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999.

There has been a decline in the share of oil in primary

energy production from 20% to 17% during the same
period.
 Indian Energy Scenario
• Coal dominates the energy mix with 55% of total
primary energy consumption
• Indian proven recoverable coal reserves estimated at
84,396 million tonnes (End 2003)
• Oil accounts for 33% of energy consumption
• Oil reserves estimated at 5.4 billion barrels
• India average production in 2002 was 793,000
barrels per day
• 70% of petroleum product demand met by imports
• Natural gas accounts for 8% of energy consumption
• Indian gas reserves estimated at 660 billion cubic
meters
• Demand of 97 million cubic metres against
availability of 67
Electrical power supply in India

• Installed capacity of 1,12,581 MW

as on 31st May 2004
• 28,860 MW - hydro,
• 77,931 MW - thermal
• 2,720 MW - nuclear and
• 1,869 MW - wind (Ministry of Power).

Nuclear provides 2.4% of electricity generated

Hydro contribution 25% as on 31st March 2004
• Exploitable potential 60% at 84000 MW
Final Energy Consumption (User End)
Sectorwise Energy Consumption

Figure 1.5 Sector wise energy consumption (1999-2000)

India’s Electricity Demand
• Peak demand shortage of 14% and energy deficit of
8.4%
• To maintain GDP growth rate at 8% to 10%, target of
215,804 MW of power generation set by GOI
Energy Supply

Coal Supply
India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tones
of proven recoverable reserves (at the end of 2003).
This amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it
may last for about 230 years at the current Reserve to
Production (R/P) ratio.
In contrast, the world's proven coal reserves are expected
to last only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.
Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio-
If the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided
by the production in that year, the result is the length of
time that the remaining reserves would last if production
were to continue at that level.
India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite
in the world. Coal production is concentrated
in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West
Bengal).
Oil Supply
Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy
consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-
guzzling nations in the world and will soon overtake
Korea as the third largest consumer of oil in Asia after
China and Japan.
Natural Gas Supply
Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy
consumption in the country. The current demand for natural
gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as
against availability of 67 mcmd.

By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd.

Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic
meters.
 NUC L EAR ENER G Y

Stations Capacity (MW)

KAI G A 880
KAKRAPARA 440
MADRAS A.P.S. 440
NARORA A.P.S. 440
RAJASTHAN A.P.S. 1180
TARAPUR 1400
TOTAL NUCLEAR 5780
S.NO DETAILS CAPACITY CUMMULATIVE
ADDITION CAPACITY
(MW) (MW)

5. BY 2020 (FUTURE CAPACITY) 1 0000 201 8 0

ALL INDIA INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY

Central Sector:
54412 MW

State Sector:
82452 MW

Private Sector:
36761 MW

All India:
173625 MW

As on 31st
March,2011

SOURCE:
CEA Website
Energy Security

The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the
imported energy sources for its economic growth.
Definition: The Continuous availability of energy in varied forms in
sufficient quantities at a reasonable price.

 Imports of oil and coal have been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum
respectively during the period 1991-99.

 The dependence on energy imports is projected to increase in the future. Estimates

indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of total oil consumption requirements and
coal imports will meet 22% of total coal consumption requirements in 2006.
Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to
their energy security are:

 Building stockpiles
 Diversification of energy supply sources
 Increased capacity of fuel switching
 Demand restraint,
 Development of renewable energy sources.
 Energy efficiency
 Sustainable development
Energy Strategy for the Future

The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-
term and long term strategy. The various components of these strategies are
listed below:

1.Immediate-term strategy:
• Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.
• Optimum utilization of existing assets
• Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including
those in traditional energy sources.
• Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for
environmentally sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy
sources.
2.Medium-term strategy:

 Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel mix,

structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the transport
sector, i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement of goods and
passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes for passenger
transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the material intensity of
those products, recycling, etc.
 There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would include
measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better design of vehicles, use
of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly, better urban planning
would also reduce the demand for energy use in the transport sector.
 There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources viz. solar,
wind, biomass energy, etc.
3.Long-term strategy:

 Efficient generation of energy resources

• Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas
• Reduction of natural gas flaring

 Improving energy infrastructure

• Building new refineries
• Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
• Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
• Building new coal and gas fired power stations.
 Enhancing energy efficiency
• Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio- economic, and
environmental priorities
• Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
• Labeling programmes for products and adoption of energy efficient
technologies in large industries
 Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
• Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs
• Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive
• Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency.

 Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.

• Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in power
generation, transmission and distribution .
 Clean Development Mechanism

 The CDM was developed in 2001 as a part of Kyoto Protocol, in which developed
countries aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emission in developing countries.
 In this project, an investor from a developed country supplies capital fund or technology
with reduced emission level.
 The CDM allows the emitter to invest in a project of a developing country or buy carbon
credits from someone who has invested in the project.
Objectives of CDM
The three main objectives of CDM are
1. To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development.
2. To stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent anthropogenic(Human) interference with climate change.
3. To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission
limitation.
Applications of the CDM
1. Promote the use RES like wind , solar, biomass ,hydro , etc.
2. Take up energy efficiency measures in boilers , pumps, refrigeration and air
conditioning systems etc.
3. Accelerate the use of cogeneration technology in industrial sectors having both heat
and power requirements.
4. Reduce the energy waste , transmission ,distribution , and other losses.
5. Encourage fuel switching in boilers from fossil-fuel-fired to bagasse-fired
 Energy Conservation and its
Importance
 Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form,
are likely to deplete soon. In the last two hundred years, we have
consumed 60% of all resources. For sustainable development, we need
to adopt energy efficiency measures.

Today, 85% of primary energy comes from nonrenewable, and fossil

sources (coal, oil, etc.). These reserves are continually diminishing with
increasing consumption and will not exist for future generations
 What is Energy Conservation?
Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related
concepts. Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy
consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms.

 Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several processes

or developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress.

 On the other hand Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity

in a specific product, process or area of production or consumption is
reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort levels.
Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy
conservation and is therefore an integral part of energy
conservation promotional policies.

Energy efficiency is often viewed as a resource option like coal, oil

or natural gas.
It provides additional economic value by preserving the resource
base and reducing pollution.
For example, replacing traditional light bulbs with
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) means you will use
only 1/4th of the energy to light a room. Pollution levels
also reduce by the same amount.
ENERGY AUDITING
3.1 Definition
The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and
provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect.

The term energy management means many things to many people. One
definition of energy management is:

“The judicious and effective use of energy to

maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance
competitive positions”
(Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management
Fairmont press inc. 1997)
 “The strategy of adjusting and optimizing
energy, using systems and procedures so as to
reduce energy requirements per unit of output
while holding constant or reducing total costs of
producing the output from these systems”
3.1 Objectives of Energy Management:
The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and
maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization,
throughout the organization and:

• To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting

production & quality
• To minimize environmental effects.
3.2 Energy Audit: Types And Methodology

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for

decision-making in the area of energy management.

It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use,
and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility.

Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and

pursuing comprehensive energy management programme.
3.2..

As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as

"the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of

energy including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action
plan to reduce energy consumption".
3.2.1 Need for Energy Audit
In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often
found to be energy (both electrical and thermal), labor and
materials.

If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or

potential cost savings in each of the above components,
energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus
energy management function constitutes a strategic area for
cost reduction.

Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways

energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in
identifying the areas where waste can occur and where
scope for improvement exists.
3.2.1

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy

cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control
programmes which are vital for production and utility activities.

Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities,

by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time frame.

Energy Audit provides a " bench-mark” (Reference point) for

managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for
planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization.
3.2.2 Type of Energy Audit

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:

- Function and type of industry
- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following

two types.
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit
3.2.3 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

• Establish energy consumption in the organization

• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/
savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
3.2.4 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy

savings and cost.

It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the
energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost
saving calculations and project cost.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases:

Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase
Ten Steps Methodology for Detailed Energy Audit
Phase I -Pre Audit Phase Activities

A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary

for efficient working. An initial study of the site should always be
carried out, as the planning of the procedures necessary for an audit is
most important.

Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing

An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy
Auditor/Engineer an opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to
familiarize him with the site and to assess the procedures necessary
to carry out the energy audit.
During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should
carry out the following actions: -

• Discuss with the site's senior management the aims of the energy
audit.

• Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations

of the audit.

• Analyze the major energy consumption data with the relevant

personnel.

• Obtain site drawings where available - building layout, steam

distribution, compressed air distribution, electricity distribution etc.

• Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production

The main aims of this visit are: -

• To finalize Energy Audit team

• To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed

during the audit.

• To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.

• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit
eg. kWh, steam, oil or gas meters.

• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.

• To plan with time frame

• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy

consuming centers

• To create awareness through meetings/ programme

Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities

Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a

comprehensive audit can take from several weeks to several
months to complete.

Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy

and material balances for specific plant departments or items
of process equipment are carried out.

The audit report will include a description of energy inputs

and product outputs by major department or by major
processing function, and will evaluate the efficiency of each
step of the manufacturing process.
Means of improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least a
preliminary assessment of the cost of the improvements will be
made to indicate the expected payback on any capital investment
needed.
The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes:

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process

equipment, by end-use

2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products, recycled materials, use
of scrap or waste products, production of by-products for re-use in other industries, etc.)

3. Energy cost and tariff data

4. Process and material flow diagrams

5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg. compressed air, steam).

6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation)

7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the
use of co-generation systems (combined heat and power
generation).

8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training

programs within the establishment.
The audit team should collect the following baseline
data:
- Technology, processes used and equipment details
- Capacity utilization
- Amount & type of input materials used
- Water consumption
- Fuel Consumption
- Electrical energy consumption
- Steam consumption
- Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc
- Quantity & type of wastes generated
- Percentage rejection / reprocessing
- Efficiencies / yield
 DATA COLLECTION HINTS

It is important to plan additional data gathering carefully. Here are

some basic tips to avoid wasting time and effort:

measurement systems should be easy to use and provide the

information to the accuracy that is needed, not the accuracy that is
technically possible

measurement equipment can be inexpensive (flow rates using a

bucket and stopwatch)

the quality of the data must be such that the correct conclusions are
drawn (what grade of product is on, is the production normal etc)

define how frequent data collection should be to account for process

variations.
measurement exercises over abnormal workload periods (such as
startup and shutdowns)

 design values can be taken where measurements are difficult

(cooling water through heat exchanger)

“DO NOT ESTIMATE WHEN YOU CAN CALCULATE

DO NOT CALCULATE WHEN YOU CAN MEASURE”
Draw process flow diagram and list process steps;
identify waste streams and obvious energy wastage
 Note that waste stream (Mycelium) and obvious energy wastes
such as condensate drained and steam leakages have been
identified in the above flow chart.

The audit focus area depends on several issues like consumption

of input resources, energy efficiency potential, impact of process
step on entire process or intensity of waste generation /energy
consumption.

In the above process, the unit operations such as germinator,

pre-fermentor, fermentor, and extraction are the major
conservation potential areas identified.
Identification of Energy Conservation Opportunities

Fuel substitution: Identifying the appropriate fuel for

efficient energy conversion
Energy generation :Identifying Efficiency opportunities
in energy conversion equipment/utility such as:
captive power generation, steam generation in boilers,
optimal loading of DG sets, minimum excess air
combustion with boilers/thermic fluid heating,
optimizing existing efficiencies, efficient energy conversion
equipment, biomass gasifiers , Cogeneration, high
efficiency DG sets, etc.
Energy distribution: Identifying Efficiency opportunities network
such as transformers, cables, switchgears and power factor
improvement in electrical systems and chilled water, cooling
water, hot water, compressed air, Etc.

Energy usage by processes: This is where the major opportunity for

improvement and many of them are hidden. Process analysis is useful
tool for process integration measures.

Technical and Economic feasibility

The technical feasibility should address the following issues
• Technology availability, space, skilled manpower, reliability,
service etc
• The impact of energy efficiency measure on safety, quality,
production or process.
• The maintenance requirements and spares availability
The Economic viability often becomes the key parameter for the
management acceptance.

Example: Pay back method , Internal Rate of Return method, Net

Present Value method etc. For low investment short duration
measures, which have attractive economic viability, simplest of the
methods, payback is usually sufficient.
Technical and Economic feasibility
Classification of Energy Conservation Measures:

Based on energy audit and analyses of the plant, a number of

potential energy saving projects may be identified. These may be
classified into three categories:
1. Low cost - high return;
2. Medium cost - medium return;
3. High cost - high return

Normally the low cost - high return projects receive priority.

Other projects have to be analyzed, engineered and budgeted for
implementation in a phased manner.

Projects relating to energy cascading and process changes almost

always involve high costs coupled with high returns, and may
require careful scrutiny before funds can be committed.
Table for project priority guidelines:
Role of Energy Management team:

The energy management team has do the following roles:

1.Compilation energy audit data

2.Preparation of energy efficiency program and budget estimates.
3.Identification of energy loss and inefficient devices & equipments .
4.Preparation energy audit results.
5.Initiation of energy conservation measures.
6.Evaluation of energy saving .
7.Spreading energy conservation awareness.
3.3 Energy Audit Reporting Format:

After successfully carried out energy audit energy

manager/energy auditor should report to the top management
for effective communication and implementation.
The following Worksheets (refer Table 3.2 & Table 3.3) can be used
as guidance for energy audit assessment and reporting.
3.4 Understanding Energy Costs

Understanding energy cost is vital factor for awareness creation and

saving calculation.
In many industries sufficient meters may not be available to measure
all the energy used. In such cases, invoices for fuels and electricity will
be useful.
Fuel Costs
A wide variety of fuels are available for thermal energy supply. Few
are listed below:
• Fuel oil
• Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS)
• Light Diesel Oil (LDO)
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• COAL
• LIGNITE
• WOOD ETC.
Understanding fuel cost is fairly simple and it is purchased in Tons or
Kiloliters. Availability, cost and quality are the main three factors
that should be considered while purchasing.

The following factors should be taken into account during procurement

of fuels for energy efficiency and economics.

• Price at source, transport charge, type of transport

• Quality of fuel (contaminations, moisture etc)
• Energy content (calorific value)
Power Costs

Electricity price in India not only varies from State to State, but also
city to city and consumer to consumer though it does the same work
everywhere.
Many factors are involved in deciding final cost of purchased
electricity such as:
• Maximum demand charges, kVA
(i.e. How fast the electricity is used? )
• Energy Charges, kWh
(i.e., How much electricity is consumed? )
• TOD Charges, Peak/Non-peak period
(i.e. When electricity is utilized ?)
• Power factor Charge, P.F
(i.e., Real power use versus Apparent power use factor )
• Other incentives and penalties applied from time to time
 • High tension tariff and low tension tariff rate changes
• Slab rate cost and its variation
• Type of tariff clause and rate for various categories such as commercial,
residential,
industrial, Government, agricultural, etc.
• Tariff rate for developed and underdeveloped area/States
• Tax holiday for new projects
Example: Purchased energy Bill

A typical summary of energy purchased in an industry based on the

invoices
To allow comparison of energy quantities these must be converted
to a common unit of energy such as kWh, Giga joules, kCals etc.

Electricity (1 kWh) = 860 kCal/kWh (0.0036 GJ)

Heavy fuel oil (Gross calorific value, GCV) =10000 kCal/litre( 0.0411 GJ/litre)

Coal (Gross calorific value, GCV) =4000 kCal/kg ( 28 GJ/ton)

3.9 Energy Audit Instruments

The operating instructions for all instruments must be

understood and staff should familiarize themselves with
the instruments and their operation prior to actual audit
use.
Data Acquisition System and Data Loggers
What is Data Acquisition System ?
•DAQ systems capture, measure, and analyze physical phenomena from
the real world.
•Light, temperature and pressure are examples of the different types of
signals that a DAQ system can measure.
•Data acquisition is the process of collecting and measuring electrical
signals and sending them to a computer for processing.
• Electrical signals comes from Transducers.
The building blocks of a DAQ system includes:
1. Transducer or Sensors: A device that converts a physical phenomenon
such as light, temperature, pressure, or sound into a measurable
electrical signal such as voltage or current.
2. Signal: The output of the transducer.
3. Signal conditioning: Hardware that you can connect to the DAQ device
to make the signal suitable for measurement or to improve accuracy or
reduce noise.
4. DAQ hardware: Hardware you use to acquire, measure, and analyze
data.
5. Software: Application software is designed to help you easily design and
program your measurement and control application.
Thank you!