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Lecture 9

This document discusses multilevel coding schemes, specifically 2B1Q and 8B6T. It explains that multilevel schemes increase the bit rate by encoding multiple data bits into symbols represented by signal levels. 2B1Q encodes 2 data bits into 1 of 4 signal levels, allowing data to be sent twice as fast as NRZ-L but with reduced noise immunity due to fewer signal levels. 8B6T encodes 8 data bits into 1 of 729 ternary signal patterns, providing redundancy for error detection and DC balance through pattern weighting and inversion.

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41 views

Lecture 9

This document discusses multilevel coding schemes, specifically 2B1Q and 8B6T. It explains that multilevel schemes increase the bit rate by encoding multiple data bits into symbols represented by signal levels. 2B1Q encodes 2 data bits into 1 of 4 signal levels, allowing data to be sent twice as fast as NRZ-L but with reduced noise immunity due to fewer signal levels. 8B6T encodes 8 data bits into 1 of 729 ternary signal patterns, providing redundancy for error detection and DC balance through pattern weighting and inversion.

Uploaded by

Ambreen Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication and

Networking
Lecture 9
Dr. M. Irfan Khattak
Contents
• Multilevel Schemes
• 2B1Q
• 8B6T
Multilevel Schemes
• In these schemes we increase the number of data bits per symbol
thereby increasing the bit rate.
• Since we are dealing with binary data we only have 2 types of data
element a 1 or a 0.
• We can combine the 2 data elements into a pattern of “m” elements
to create “2m” symbols.
• If we have L signal levels, we can use “n” signal elements to create Ln
signal elements.
Multilevel Schemes
• Now we have 2m symbols and Ln signals.
• If 2m > Ln then we cannot represent the data elements, we don’t have
enough signals.
• If 2m = Ln then we have an exact mapping of one symbol on one signal.
• If 2m < Ln then we have more signals than symbols and we can choose
the signals that are more distinct to represent the symbols and
therefore have better noise immunity and error detection as some
signals are not valid.
Representing Multilevel Codes
• We use the notation mBnL, where m is the length of the binary
pattern, B represents binary data, n represents the length of the
signal pattern and L the number of levels.
• L = B binary, L = T for 3 ternary, L = Q for 4 quaternary.
2B1Q Scheme
2B1Q
• In mBnL schemes, a pattern of m data elements is encoded as a pattern
of n signal elements in which 2m ≤ Ln.
• The average signal rate of 2BlQ is S =N/4. This means that using 2BIQ,
we can send data 2 times faster than by using NRZ-L.
• However, 2B 1Q uses four different signal levels, which means the
receiver has to discern four different thresholds. The reduced
bandwidth comes with a price.
• There are no redundant signal patterns in this scheme because 22=41.
• In the 2B1Q scheme we have no redundancy and we see that a DC
component is present.
8B6T
• A very interesting scheme is eight binary, six ternary (8B6T).
• The idea is to encode a pattern of 8 bits as a pattern of 6 signal
elements, where the signal has three levels (ternary).
• In this type of scheme, we can have 28=256 different data patterns
and data patterns and 36=729 different signal patterns.
• There are 729 – 256= 473 redundant signal elements that provide
synchronization and error detection.
• Part of the redundancy is also used to provide DC balance.
8B6T
• Each signal pattern has a weight of 0 or +1 DC values.
• This means that there is no pattern with the weight -1.
• To make the whole stream DC-balanced, the sender keeps track of the
weight.
• If two groups of weight 1 are encountered one after another, the first
one is sent as it is, while the next one is totally inverted to give a
weight of -1.
8B6T
Thank you

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