PSC SEMINAR

COMPOSITE SECTIONS

Faculty:
Presented by:
Dr. Senthilkumar R 1.ARUN KUMAR H-203221004
2. CHALLA GANESHSIVAKUMAR - 203221007
3. Kotha Vineeth -203221011
4. Rohit Dhanawade – 203221020
5. Muhammed Riyas KP – 203221015
INTRODUCTION

 A composite beam is one whose cross-section consists of two or more elements of different materials ,
acting together while carrying some or all the loads
 Composite prestressed concrete consists of precast prestressed beams and cast in situ concrete which
behaves as a monolithic unit under service loads
 Tensile zone – high strength concrete
 Compression zone – lower strength concrete
 Depending on the stiffness, the precast member can be designed to carry the weight of the in situ
concrete or can be propped , so that it carries only its self weight during casting
Composite action achieved by –
1. Roughening of surface of the prestressed unit
2. stirrups protruding from prestressed unit

Differential shrinkage between the concrete cast in situ and prestressed unit –
also helps in monolithic action
Box girder bridge deck with precast webs and bottom flange
and CIP slab; Top: Aerial view, Bottom: Close-up view
ADVANTAGES

 There is a significant reduction in the construction time

 Low strength concrete can be used for in situ concrete

 No formwork is required when the beams are placed closely.

 An increase in the cross-section area of the section results in higher stiffness of the

beam. As a result, beam bending and shear capacity increases.

 Due to the higher stiffness, it reduces the deflection of prestressed composite beams
 DISADVANTAGES

 Designers need to pay more attention to the design procedures as they are a bit complex

than the usual method. The correct idealization of the actional condition should be done

during the design.

 Due to the composite slab, there will restrain resulting in an increase of prestress losses.

Further, there could be a restrain moment due to this action.

 Different shrinkages in the section could induce additional stresses.

Typical cross sections of composite beams
TYPES OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

Propped construction

The dead load stress developed in precast pestressed units can be minimized by propping them while
casting the Concrete in situ

Unpropped construction

If the precast units are not propped while placing the in situ concrete , stresses are developed in the
unit due to the unit due to the self weigh of the member and dead weight of the in situ concrete
 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED COMPOSITE SECTION

• The analysis of a composite section depends upon the type of composite section, the stages of
prestressing, the type of construction and the loads.
• The type of construction refers to whether the precast member is propped or unpropped during
the casting of the cast in situ portion.
• If the precast member is supported by props along its length during the casting, it is considered
to be propped.
• If the precast member is supported only at the ends during the casting, it is considered to be
unpropped.
• If the precast web is unpropped during casting of the flange, the section does not behave like a
composite section .
• If the precast web is propped during casting and hardening of the flange, the section behaves
like a composite section to carry the prestress and self weight after the props are removed.
Stress profile (i) UNPROPPED type

Stress due to Stress Stress due to

prestress due to live load @
and self weight service stage
weight of of cast
web in situ
slab
Stress in precast web@ transfer =

Stress in precast web after casting flange =

Stress in precast web @service =

The first stress profile represents the stress due to prestress and self weight
of web alone which is a precast member .
Here the stress diagram stops @ web itself since there will not be any
involvement of insitu slab since it has not casted yet.

Stress due to cast insitu slab

Here also the stress profile starts @ web itself since in unpropped type there
will not be any composite action and hence entire stresses are resisted by the
precast member itself

Stress @ service
The stress profile is extended up to the top of the flange. When the member is
placed in service, the full section carries MLL.
Stress profile (ii) PROPPED type

Stress due to Stress Stress due to

prestress due to live load @
and self weight of service stage
weight of cast in
web situ slab
Stress in precast web@ transfer =

Stress in precast web after casting flange =

Stress in precast web @service = )

The first stress profile represents the stress due to prestress and self weight
of web alone which is a precast member .
Here the stress diagram stops @ web itself since there will not be any
involvement of insitu slab since it has not casted yet.

Stress due to cast insitu slab

Here the stress profile extends up to cast insitu slab since in propped type
there will be complete composite action and hence entire stresses are
resisted by the as a composite member.

Stress @ service
The stress profile is extended up to the top of the flange. When the member is
placed in service, the full section carries MLL.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
• The ultimate strength of the composite prestressed sections in flexure is governed by same principles
used for ordinary prestressed sections
• The prestressed composite section is generally under reinforced
• The compression zone generally consists entirely of insitu concrete of lower compressive strength
• However if the compression zone contains part of precast element then average compressive strength
has to be used

• Steps for calculation of flexural strength

• step 1 : Find the reinforcement ratio using

• Step 2: Referring to table number 11

• of Is 1346 find

• Step 3: Flexural strength of the composite section is obtained as

Mu = fpu * Ap(d-0.42xu)
Shear strength of composite sections
According to the American code ACI 318-1989, the horizontal shear stress at the interlace for the ultimate
limit state is computed using the expression

= ultimate horizontal shear stress

= ultimate shear force
b= contact width of precast section
d = effective depth measured from the extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the prestressing reinforcement.

The permissible values of the horizontal shear stress for different types of contact surfaces is specified as:
1. 0.6 N/mm², when ties are not provided and the contact surface of the precast element is free of
laitance and intentionally roughened to an amplitude of 5 mm.
2. 2. 0.6 N/mm², when minimum vertical ties, according to section 8.3.3, are pro vided and the contact
surface is not roughened.
3. 3. 2.5 N/mm², when minimum vertical ties are provided and the contact surface is roughened to an
amplitude of 5 mm.
4. 4. When shear stress exceeds 2.5 N/mm², then shear friction reinforcement is to bedesigned and the
required area of reinforcements is given by
= characteristic tensile strength of the reinforcement
φ =capacity reduction factor having a value of 0.85 for shear computations
u= coefficient of friction having the following values:

a) Concrete placed monolithically 1.4 λ

b) Concrete placed against hardened concrete with surface intention ally roughened 1.0λ
c) Concrete placed against hardened concrete not intentionally roughened 0.6 λ
d) Concrete anchored to rolled structural steel by headed studs or by reinforcing bars 0.7 λ
where
λ =1.0 for normal density concrete
=0.85 for "sand low density" concrete
= 0.75 for "all low density" concrete.

The ties consisting of single bars, multiple-leg-stirrups or vertical legs of welded wire-fabric should have a spacing
not exceeding four times the least dimension of the supported element, nor 600 mm, whichever is less.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
• Based on satisfying the allowable stresses under service loads and at
transfer
• Section is then analysed for ultimate loads to satisfy the limit state of
collapse
• Member is also checked to satisfy the criteria of limit states of
serviceability, such as deflection and crack width (for Type 3 members only)
• A trial and error procedure is adopted for the design
 the type of composite section and the stages of prestressing need to be
decided first

 calculation of the initial prestressing force (P0) and the eccentricity of the
CGS (e) at the critical section
 DESIGN STEPS
• Section with precast web and cast-in-place flange
• Considered to be Type 1 member

Step 1. Compute e
• Zero stress at the top of the precast web - economical solution

emax
Stress profile for maximum eccentricity of CGS

Ct = Distance of the bottom kern of precast

web from CGC
CGC
Cb e = Moment due to self weight of precast
CGS web
fb = A trial prestressing force at transfer
Web section Sress profile
Step 2. Compute equivalent moment for the precast web
• Moment acting on the composite section is transformed to an equivalent
moment for the precast web

Stress profile for the composite section

C t” ft
ft
Ct ’
CGC’
fb
Cb ’
fb
bw
Composite section Stress profile

ct’ = Distance of the top of the precast web from the CGC’
ct” = Distance of the top of the composite section from the CGC’
cb’ = Distance of the bottom of the precast web (or composite section) from the CGC’
I ’ = Moment of inertia for the composite section
 mt mb

ft

fb

where,
A = Area of the precast web
kb = Distance of the bottom kern of the precast web from CGC
kt = Distance of the top kern of the precast web from CGC

• The quantities mtMc and mbMc are the equivalent moments

Step 3. Compute Pe
• Total moment for the precast web = MP+mbMC
• The stress at the bottom for Type 1 member due to service loads is zero

or, Pe

• Prestressing force is acting only on the precast web and hence, e is the
eccentricity of the CGS from the CGC of the precast web
Step 4. Estimate Po
a) 90% of the initial applied prestress (Pi) for pre-tensioned members
b) Equal to Pi for post-tensioned members
Pi = Ap(0.8fpk) Ap = Pe / 0.7fpk

• Revise e as given in Step 1 based on the new value of Po

emax
Step 5. Check for compressive stresses in the precast web

• At transfer,
fb

– fcc,all is the allowable compressive stress in concrete at transfer (available

from Figure 8 of IS:1343 - 1980)

• At service,
ft

– fcc,all is the allowable compressive stress in concrete under service loads

(available from Figure 7 of IS:1343-1980)

• If the stress conditions are not satisfied, increase A

Step 6. Check for the compressive stress in the CIP flange

ft’

• fcc,all is the allowable compressive stress in concrete under service loads

 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE
Composite member have both prestressed and cast in-situ sections.
A part of shrinkage will have already taken place in the precast prestressed beam before
the casting and hardening of the in situ concrete.
also high water/cement ratios used in the in situ concrete, again leads to the shrinkage .

The magnitude of differential shrinkage is influenced by

• Composition of concrete
• Exposed environmental conditions.

Generally, Shrinkage strain = 100μ (British code BS: ) used for computing shrinkage
stresses, when exact data is not available.
A reasonable estimation of stresses developed due to differential shrinkage may be made
using the following assumptions:
1. the shrinkage is uniform over the in situ part of the section, and
2. effect of creep and increase in modulus of elasticity with age and the component of
shrinkage, which is common to both the units, is negligible.
 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE
Method of Computing Stresses :

1. the in situ cast slab is first allowed to undergo the full amount of differential shrinkage
i.e. strain

Cast in situ slab ,

Precast element ,

Unit length cross section

2. Tensile forces of intensity are then applied to each end acting at the centroid of the
cast in situ slab so that the slab is restored to the length of the precast element.
 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE

Cast in situ slab -

(=)

Precast element

applied tensile force stress profile

Consequently the uniform tensile stress induced in the in situ concrete is , and the
magnitude of the tensile force is computed as =where
= area of the in situ concrete section
= modulus of elasticity of the in situ concrete

The composite member is in a state of internal equilibrium without any external forces
acting on it. Hence the tensile force must be balanced by the application of a compressive
force of equal magnitude along the same line.
 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE

The compressive force applied at the centroid of the cast in situ slab is equivalent to a
direct compressive force acting at the centroid of the composite section together with a
bending moment which will induce direct and bending stresses in the composite section.
These stresses are superposed on the existing tensile stresses in the cast in situ slab to
compute the final stresses.

+
Cast in situ slab +

Precast element ++ (+)

-
Equivalent direct compressive force Direct Bending
stress stress
 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE

Differential shrinkage stresses:

+
Cast in situ slab - +

Precast element +
-

(a) precast beam (+compression - tension)

(a) At the top of beam = +
(b) At the bottom of beam = -
(b) cast in situ slab, (+compression - tension - differential shrinkage)
(a) At the top of slab = + -
(b) At the bottom of slab (junction) = + -
 DEFLECTION OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS
• Deflection of precast section due to effective prestressing force()
= (for straight cable profile)
• Deflection of precast section due to its self weight ()
=
• Deflection of precast section due to weight of cast in-situ section - only in case of unpropped
construction()
=
• Deflection of composite section due to weight of in-situ section - only in case of propped
construction ()
=
• Deflection of composite section due to live load ()
= (if live is udl of intensity w kN/m )
 DEFLECTION OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS
• When the modulus of elasticity of the precast and in situ cast concretes are different, the
flexural rigidity is worked out by computing the equivalent second moment of area of the
composite section using the modular ratio.

• Deflection of Composite members for

(a) Unpropped construction Δ = +++
(b) Propped Construction Δ =

Limits of Deflection :
• The total deflection due to all loads, including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage, should not exceed span / 250.
• The deflection after erection of partitions or application of finishes, including the effects
of temperature, creep and shrinkage, should not exceed span/350 or 20 mm, whichever
is less.
• If finishes are applied, total upward deflection due to prestressing force should not
exceed span/300.
Contributions of members

1 . ARUN KUMAR H – 203221004 – introduction , types of section, advantages , disadvantages,

types of composite construction
2. CHALLA GANESHSIVAKUMAR - 203221007- Analysis of prestressed composite
3. Kotha Vineeth -203221011 -Shear Strength and Flexural strength
4. Muhammed Riyas KP – 203221015- Design Procedure
5. Rohit Dhanawade – 203221020-Differential Shrinkage & Deflection
REFERENCE

1 .Krishna Raju, N., Prestressed Concrete, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
1998.
2. NPTEL notes
3. Lin, T. Y. and Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
Thank you