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Section02 Structures

The document discusses the various components of an operating system including process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. It describes how system calls allow user programs to interact with the OS and provides examples of message passing and shared memory. It also discusses how operating system components work together and the use of virtual machines.

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Krishna Teja Velagapudi
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views

Section02 Structures

The document discusses the various components of an operating system including process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. It describes how system calls allow user programs to interact with the OS and provides examples of message passing and shared memory. It also discusses how operating system components work together and the use of virtual machines.

Uploaded by

Krishna Teja Velagapudi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEMS STRUCTURES

Jerry Breecher

2: OS Structures

OPERATING SYSTEM Structures


What Is In This Chapter?
System Components System Calls How Components Fit Together Virtual Machine

2: OS Structures

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

These are the pieces of the system well be looking at: Process Management Main Memory Management File Management I/O System Management Secondary Management Networking Protection System Command-Interpreter System

2: OS Structures

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A process is a program in execution: (A program is passive, a process active.) A process has resources (CPU time, files) and attributes that must be managed. Management of processes includes: Process Scheduling (priority, time management, . . . ) Creation/termination Block/Unblock (suspension/resumption ) Synchronization Communication Deadlock handling Debugging 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT Allocation/de-allocation for processes, files, I/O. Maintenance of several processes at a time Keep track of who's using what memory Movement of process memory to/from secondary storage.

System Components

FILE MANAGEMENT A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management: File creation and deletion. Directory creation and deletion. Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. Mapping files onto secondary storage. File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media. 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

System Components

I/O MANAGEMENT Buffer caching system Generic device driver code Drivers for each device - translate read/write requests into disk position commands.

SECONDARY STORAGE MANAGEMENT Disks, tapes, optical, ... Free space management ( paging/swapping ) Storage allocation ( what data goes where on disk ) Disk scheduling

2: OS Structures

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

System Components

NETWORKING Communication system between distributed processors. Getting information about files/processes/etc. on a remote machine. Can use either a message passing or a shared memory model. PROTECTION Of files, memory, CPU, etc. Means controlling of access Depends on the attributes of the file and user How Do These All Fit Together? In essence, they all provide services for each other.

SYSTEM PROGRAMS Command Interpreters -- Program that accepts control statements (shell, GUI interface, etc.) Compilers/linkers Communications (ftp, telnet, etc.) 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

System Tailoring

Modifying the Operating System program for a particular machine. The goal is to include all the necessary pieces, but not too many extra ones. Typically a System can support many possible devices, but any one installation has only a few of these possibilities. Plug and play allows for detection of devices and automatic inclusion of the code (drivers) necessary to drive these devices. A sysgen is usually a link of many OS routines/modules in order to produce an executable containing the code to run the drivers.

2: OS Structures

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

System Calls

A System Call is the main way a user program interacts with the Operating System.

Figure 3.1

Figure 2.8

Check out the Linux system command strace! 2: OS Structures


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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


HOW A SYSTEM CALL WORKS Obtain access to system space Do parameter validation System resource collection ( locks on structures ) Ask device/system for requested item Suspend waiting for device Interrupt makes this thread ready to run Wrap-up Return to user

System Calls

There are 11 (or more) steps in making the system call Linux API read (fd, buffer, nbytes) 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


Consider the ReadFile() function in the Win32 APIa function for reading from a file.

System Calls
Example of Windows API

A description of the parameters passed to ReadFile() HANDLE filethe file to be read LPVOID buffera buffer where the data will be read into and written from DWORD bytesToReadthe number of bytes to be read into the buffer LPDWORD bytesReadthe number of bytes read during the last read LPOVERLAPPED ovlindicates if overlapped I/O is being used 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


Two ways of passing data between programs.

System Calls

Msg Passing

Shared Memory

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


These are examples of various system calls.

System Calls

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


A SIMPLE STRUCTURE:

How An Operating System Is Put Together

Example of MS-DOS. Application Programming


Note how all layers can touch the hardware. Bad News!!

Resident System Programming

MS-DOS Drivers ROM - BIOS Device Drivers


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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


A LAYERED STRUCTURE: Example of Windows 2000.

How An Operating System Is Put Together

System Services Windows MGR & GDI Graphics Device Drivers VM Manager Process Manager Security Reference Monitor

IO Manager

Windows 2000 Kernel Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)


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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


A LAYERED STRUCTURE: Example of UNIX.

How An Operating System Is Put Together

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


Virtual Machine

In a Virtual Machine - each process "seems" to execute on its own processor with its own memory, devices, etc. The resources of the physical machine are shared. Virtual devices are sliced out of the physical ones. Virtual disks are subsets of physical ones. Useful for running different OS simultaneously on the same machine. Protection is excellent, but no sharing possible. Virtual privileged instructions are trapped.

Virtual User Virtual Machine Monitor Mode


2: OS Structures

Physical User

Physical Machine
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

Virtual Machine

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

Virtual Machine

Example of MS-DOS on top of Windows XP.

DOS APPLICATION

Physical User
BIOS DRIVERS Windows XP

Physical Machine

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

Virtual Machine

Example of Java Virtual Machine


The Java Virtual Machine allows Java code to be portable between various hardware and OS platforms.

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES


WRAPUP
Weve completed our second overview of an Operating System this at the level of a high flying plane. Weve looked at the basic building blocks of an operating system processes, memory management, file systems, and seen how they all connect together. Now well get into the nitty-gritty, spending considerable time on each of these pieces.

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