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Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

1. The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), including how they work, their differences, and calculations related to modulation index and signal bandwidth. 2. Key aspects of FM include keeping the carrier amplitude constant while varying the frequency in proportion to the modulating signal. Noise interference is reduced in FM due to limiter circuits. 3. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits can boost high frequencies during transmission and return them to normal levels during reception, improving the signal-to-noise ratio.

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marneth onate
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34 views

Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

1. The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), including how they work, their differences, and calculations related to modulation index and signal bandwidth. 2. Key aspects of FM include keeping the carrier amplitude constant while varying the frequency in proportion to the modulating signal. Noise interference is reduced in FM due to limiter circuits. 3. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits can boost high frequencies during transmission and return them to normal levels during reception, improving the signal-to-noise ratio.

Uploaded by

marneth onate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Chapter objectives:
1. Define and explain the processes of
frequency modulation (FM) and phase
modulation(PM) and state their
differences.

2. Calculate the modulation index given


the maximum deviation and maximum
modulating frequency, determine the
significant number of sidebands in an FM
signal, and calculate the bandwidth of
an FM signal.
3. Define pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis, state the benefits and
show how they are accomplished.

4. Name the advantages and


disadvantages of FM and PM
compared to AM.
4.1 Frequency Modulation Principles

• A sine wave carrier can be modified


FM for the purpose of transmitting
information from one place to
another by varying its frequency
• Carrier amplitude remain
In FM constant

• As the amplitude of the


In information signal varies, the
FM carrier frequency will shift in
promotion.
Frequency deviation (fd) is the amount of change in carrier
frequency produced by the modulating signal.

The frequency deviation rate is how many times per second


the carrier frequency deviates above or below its center
frequency.

The frequency of the modulating signal determines the


frequency deviation rate.
FM and PM signals. The carrier is drawn as a
triangular wave for simplicity, but in practice it is a
sine wave. (a) Carrier. (b) Modulating signal. (c) FM
signal. (d) PM signal.
4-2 Phase
Modulation (PM)

Verifying the amount of


phase shift that a
carrier experience in
accordance with
modulating signal.
produces
PhaseFrequency
Modulation
Modulation
-time separation
Phase between two sine
shift waves of the same
frequency
2 Phase Shifter

Lagging
• carrier output is delayed

Leading
• carrier sine wave speeded-up or
compressed
Frequency deviation as a function of
(a) modulating signal amplitude and
(b) modulating signal frequency.
Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
Noise is interference generated by lightning, motors,
automotive ignition systems, and power line switching
that produces transient signals.

Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage with high


frequencies.

Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and interfere with it.

Some noise completely obliterates signal information.


Noise-Suppression Effects of FM

Figure 5-11: An FM signal with noise.


FM signals have a constant modulated carrier amplitude.

FM receivers contain limiter circuits that deliberately


restrict the amplitude of the received signal.

Any amplitude variations occurring on the FM signal are


effectively clipped by limiter circuits.

This amplitude clipping does not affect the information


content of the FM signal, since it is contained solely within
the frequency variations of the carrier.
PRE-EMPHASIS
Noise can interfere with an FM signal and particularly with
the high-frequency components of the modulating signal.

Noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy and contains a lot


of harmonics and other high-frequency components.

To overcome high-frequency noise, a technique known as


pre-emphasis is used.

A simple high-pass filter can serve as a transmitter’s pre-


emphasis circuit.

Pre-emphasis provides more amplification of only high-


frequency components.
Figure 5-13 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. (a) Pre-emphasis circuit.
Pre-emphasis
A simple low-pass filter can operate as a de-emphasis
circuit in a receiver.

A de-emphasis circuit returns the frequency response to


its normal flat level.

The combined effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is


to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for the high-
frequency components during transmission so that they
will be stronger and not masked by noise.
Figure 5-13 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. (c) De-emphasis circuit.
Frequency Modulation versus
Amplitude Modulation

• FM typically offers some significant


benefits over AM.
• FM has superior immunity to noise, made
possible by clipper limiter circuits in the

Advantage receiver.
• In FM, interfering signals on the same
s of FM frequency are rejected. This is known as
the capture effect.
• FM signals have a constant amplitude and
there is no need to use linear amplifiers to
increase power levels. This increases
transmitter efficiency.
• FM uses considerably more frequency
spectrum space.
• FM has used more complex circuitry
for modulation and demodulation.
• In the past, the circuits used for
frequency modulation and
Disadvantage demodulation involved were
s of FM complex. With the proliferation of ICs,
complex circuitry used in FM has all
but disappeared. ICs are inexpensive
and easy to use. FM and PM have
become the most widely used
modulation method in electronic
communication today.
Major applications of AM and FM
Modulation Index and Sidebands

When a The bandwidth


Side
constant- of an FM signal
frequencies
Any frequency sine is usually much
are the sum
modulation wave wider than
and difference
process modulates a that of an AM
of the carrier
produces carrier, two signal with the
and
sidebands. side same
modulating
frequencies modulating
frequency.
are produced. signal.
Modulation Index
• The ratio of the frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency is known as the
modulation index (mf).
• In most communication systems using FM,
maximum limits are put on both the
frequency deviation and the modulating
frequency.
• In standard FM broadcasting, the maximum
permitted frequency deviation is 75 kHz and
the maximum permitted modulating
frequency is 15 kHz.
• The modulation index for standard FM
broadcasting is therefore 5.
FM Signal Bandwidth
• The higher the modulation index in
FM, the greater the number of
significant sidebands and the wider
the bandwidth of the signal.
• When spectrum conservation is
necessary, the bandwidth of an FM
signal can be restricted by putting an
upper limit on the modulation index.
END

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