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Week 4

The document discusses various control structures in programming including relational operators, logical operators, boolean expressions, and selection and repetition structures like if, if-else, switch, while, do-while, for statements. It provides examples of each control structure and their usage along with brief explanations. Self-tests are included to help understand the different structures.

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José Manuel
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38 views26 pages

Week 4

The document discusses various control structures in programming including relational operators, logical operators, boolean expressions, and selection and repetition structures like if, if-else, switch, while, do-while, for statements. It provides examples of each control structure and their usage along with brief explanations. Self-tests are included to help understand the different structures.

Uploaded by

José Manuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Structures

Jeanine Ingber
Relational Operators

 == equality
 != non equality
 < less than
 > greater than
 <= less than equal to
 >= greater than equal to

Jeanine Ingber
Logical Operators

 ! not
 && and
 || or

Jeanine Ingber
Boolean Expressions

 X>0
 y==0
 x>0 && y==0

Jeanine Ingber
Control Structures

 Selection
 if
 if else
 switch
 repetition
 while
 do while
 for

Jeanine Ingber
If statement

 if(Boolean expression)
statement; //single statement
 if(Boolean expression)
{ //more than one statement
statement1;
.
statement n;
}

Jeanine Ingber
If statement - examples
if (x>0)
cout << sqrt(x);

if(x>0)
{
x=sqrt(x);
cout << x;
{

Jeanine Ingber
if - else statement

 if(Boolean expression)
statement;
else
statement;
 if(Boolean expression)
{
statement block
}
else
{
statement block
}

Jeanine Ingber
if-else examples
1) if(x>=0)
cout << sqrt(x);
else
cout << “x is negative”;

2) if(grade >=90)
cout << “grade is A”;
else if(grade >= 80)
cout << “grade is B”;
else if(grade >= 70)
cout << “grade is C”;
else
cout << “grade is F”;

Jeanine Ingber
Self - tests

Jeanine Ingber
Switch Statement
•Multiway selection statement
•example
switch(expression)
{
case constant:
statement(s);
break;
case constant:
statement(s);
break;
default: //optional
statement(s);
}
Jeanine Ingber
Switch Statement

 Expression must be of type integer or


character
 The keyword case must be followed by a
constant
 break statement is required unless you
want all subsequent statements to be
executed.

Jeanine Ingber
Self-test

Jeanine Ingber
repetition

 while statement
 do while statement
 for statement

Jeanine Ingber
while statement
 while(expression)
statement;
 while(expression)
{ //braces needed for multiple statements
statement;
statement;
.
}
 Statements are repeated while expression is true. If expression is false
at the first test, statement(s) are not executed

Jeanine Ingber
example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count=0, base=3;
while(base > 0 && count < 5)
{
count++;
base--;
cout << base << endl;
}
cout << “count is “ << count;
return 0;
}//end main
output?

Jeanine Ingber
Self-test while loops

Jeanine Ingber
do while

 do
statement;
while(expression);
 do
{
statement1;
statement2;
.
} while(expression);
 note - the expression is tested after the statement(s)
are executed, so statements are executed at least once.

Jeanine Ingber
do while example
n=5;
fact =1;
do
{
fact = fact*n;
n--;
} while(n>1);
cout << fact;

output————?

Jeanine Ingber
for statement
 for(initialization; test; increment/decrement)
statement;

 for(initialization; test; increment/decrement)


{
statement;
statement;
.
}

Jeanine Ingber
for statement

initalize
test
increment
decrement

true
statement(s)
statement(s)

Jeanine Ingber
for statement - example

//sum odd integers between 1 and 10


int sum =0;
for(int I=1;I<10;I+=2)
sum = sum + I;
cout << sum;

output—————?

Jeanine Ingber
for statement - example
//n factorial again
int fact =1;
for(int n=5;n>1;n- -)
fact = fact * n;
cout << fact << n;

output—————?

Jeanine Ingber
nesting control stuctures

 when the body of one statement contains


another statement, the statements are
said to be nested.

nested for example


for(int I=0; I<10; I++)
for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
x++;//x incremented 50 times
Jeanine Ingber
break statement

 break;
 terminates loop
 execution continues with the first statement
following the loop
cin >> x;
for(int I=0; I<100; I++)
{
x- -;
if(x<0) break;
}
cout << x << “ “ << I;

Jeanine Ingber
continue statement

 continue;
 forces next iteration of the loop, skipping any
remaining statements in the loop
for(int I=1; I<=100; I++)
{
if(I%2) continue;
cout << I;
}

output?

Jeanine Ingber

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