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CH 10 Acids and Bases

This document discusses acids and bases according to different theories. Initially, acids were characterized by their sour taste while bases had a bitter taste. The Arrhenius theory states that acids produce H+ ions in water and bases produce OH- ions. The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. Strong acids like HCl fully dissociate in water into H+ and Cl- ions. Buffered solutions can resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by containing both weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. The Lewis acid-base theory defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors.

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Hamza Hassan
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45 views

CH 10 Acids and Bases

This document discusses acids and bases according to different theories. Initially, acids were characterized by their sour taste while bases had a bitter taste. The Arrhenius theory states that acids produce H+ ions in water and bases produce OH- ions. The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. Strong acids like HCl fully dissociate in water into H+ and Cl- ions. Buffered solutions can resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by containing both weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. The Lewis acid-base theory defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors.

Uploaded by

Hamza Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 14: Acids and Bases

• Initially classified as substances which are sour in taste, vinegar, citric fruits

• Alkalis are characterized by bitter taste and they are


slippery to touch

• Svante Arrhenius: Acids produce H+ ions in aqueous solutions


while bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutions. But this
concept limited to only one type of base, i.e. bases with
hydroxide ions.

• Bronsted-Lowry model: An acid is a proton donor while base is a


proton accepter. E.g. gaseous HCL in dissolved in water.
• Proton transferred from HCl to H2O to form Hydronium ion (H3O+)

• Polar H2O molecule has tendency to pull the proton from acid
• Conjugate base is everything that remains of acid molecule after
proton is lost.
• Conjugate acid is formed when proton is transferred to the base.
• A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each
other by donating and accepting of a single proton.
• The equation represents a competition for proton between H2O and A- ion
• If H2O is much stronger base than A- ion, the equilibrium position will be
far to the right and vice versa

• Stronger base means higher affinity for proton (H+ ion).


• Conc of pure solid and liquid is generally omitted from equilibrium
expression.
• Thus in dilute solution of liquid water concentration remains same
when acid is dissolved. Thus, term [H2O] is not included in expression.
• Ka has remains same like the following equation:

• One should never forget that H2O plays important role in causing the
acid to ionize.
• Oxyacids: In which the acidic proton is attached to an
oxygen atom E.g. all strong acids except HCl
• What is meant by 1 M HCl solution. Strong acid means it is completely
dissociated in water
• Does it contain HCl molecules? What species does 1M HCl sol contains

• Since this is acidic solution, it contains very tiny amount of OH- ions
• Two sources of
H+ ions
• In 1M HCl solution, water will produce even less than 1 x 10 -7 M H+
ions.
• HF is weak but still stronger acid than water (from ka values)
• Recall the Arrhenius concept and Bronsted- Lowrey model.
• All hydroxides from Group 1A  LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH and CsOH
are strong bases.
• NaOH and KOH are most common ones (Rb, Cs and Li compounds are
usually expensive)
• Group 2A hydroxides are also strong bases but they give 2 moles of
OH- ions for every mole of metal hydroxide dissolved in aqueous
solutions
• E.g. Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2.
• Group 2A hydroxides (known as alkaline earth hydroxides are not very
soluble, so they are only used when solubility factor is not very
important. Very advantageous for some biomedical applications
where their low solubility prevents large OH- ion concentration in
organs like stomach. While still capable enough to counter stomach
acidity.
Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime)
• Used in scrubbing stack gases to remove SO2 from exhaust of power
plants and factories.

• Also used for softening hard water which contains plenty of Ca2+ and
Mg 2+ ions. This process is called lime-soda process. In this process,
lime (CaO) and soda ash (Na2CO3) are added to water
Bases (proton acceptors) with no OH- ions
• Some bases when dissolve, only then they yield OH- ions which are
not present originally in those bases. E.g. ammonia reacts with water
as follows:
• A buffered solution is the one which resists changes in pH, when
either hydroxide or hydrogen ions are added.
• E.g. Blood. It can absorb acids and bases produced by the biological
reactions without change in pH. It is important for blood because
blood cells can only survive in a very narrow pH range.
• A buffer solution may contain a weak acid and its salt (e.g., HF and
NaF), or a weak base and its salts (e.g., NH3 and NH4Cl). By choosing
appropriate components, the solution can be buffered at any pH.
• How does a buffered solution resists changes in pH when an acid or
base is added?
• Lewis acid base theory: (An even more general model for acid base
behavior).
• A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor while Lewis acid is an electron-
pair acceptor
In fact, the Lewis acid has an empty electron orbital that it can use to
accept (share) an electron pair from a molecule that has a lone pair of
electrons (Lewis base). Thus, there are three models for acids and
bases summarized in the table on previous slide.

Electron pair Electron pair


acceptor donor
Same goes with a reaction between a hydroxide anion and a proton
There are several reactions in Lewis model for acids and bases which does not
involve Bronsted-Lowry acids. E.g. gas phase reaction between Boron trifluoride
and ammonia:

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