Periodic Table of Elements

Mendeleev
 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch
Mendeléev created the first accepted
version of the periodic table.
 He grouped elements according to
their atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties. 
 Blank spaces were left open to add
the new elements he predicted
would occur. 
 chlorine
nitrogen

silver
gold

mercury
oxygen hydrogen
helium
niobium
sodium
neodymium
carbon
Many of the elements are named after recipients
of the Nobel Prize:

•Bohrium (Niels Bohr)

•Curium (Marie and Pierre Curie)

•Einsteinium (Albert Einstein)

•Fermium (Enrico Fermi)

•Lawrencium (Ernest Lawrence)

•Roentgenium (Wilhelm Röntgen)

•Rutherfordium (Ernest Rutherford)

•Seaborgium (Glenn T. Seaborg)

Elements
 Science has come
along way since
Aristotle’s theory of
Air, Water, Fire, and
Earth.
 Scientists have
identified 90 naturally
occurring elements,
and created about 28
others.
Elements
 The elements,
alone or in
combinations,
make up our
bodies, our world,
our sun, and in
fact, the entire
universe.
 An atom has three
parts:
 Proton = positive
 Neutron = no charge
 Electron = negative

 The proton & neutron

are found in the
center of the atom, a
place called the
nucleus.
 The electrons orbit
the nucleus.
The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
Periodic Table
 The periodic table organizes the elements in a
particular way. A great deal of information about an
element can be gathered from its position in the
period table.
 For example, you can predict with reasonably good
accuracy the physical and chemical properties of
the element. You can also predict what other
elements a particular element will react with
chemically.
 Understanding the organization and plan of the
periodic table will help you obtain basic information
about each of the 118 known elements.
Key to the Periodic Table
 Elements are organized on
the table according to their
atomic number, usually
found near the top of the
square.
 The atomic number
refers to how many
protons an atom of that
element has.
 For instance, hydrogen
has 1 proton, so it’s
atomic number is 1.
 The atomic number is
unique to that element.
No two elements have
the same atomic number.
What’s in a square?
 Different periodic
tables can include
various bits of
information, but
usually:
 atomic number
 symbol
 atomic mass
 number of valence
electrons
 state of matter at room
temperature.
 Atomic Number
 This refers to how
many protons an
atom of that
element has.
 No two elements,
have the same
number of protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model
Atomic Mass
 Atomic Mass refers
to the “weight” of
the atom.
 It is derived at by
adding the number
of protons with the
number of This is a helium atom. Its atomic
Hmass is 4 (protons plus neutrons).
neutrons.
What is its atomic number?
 The number of NEUTRONS in an
atom can be calculated by subtracting
the atomic number from the atomic
mass..
Atomic Mass and Isotopes
 While most atoms have
the same number of
protons and neutrons,
some don’t.
 Some atoms have more
or less neutrons than
protons. These are called
isotopes.
 An atomic mass number
with a decimal is the total
of the number of protons
plus the average number
of neutrons.
 Atomic Number:
Number of protons and it
is also the number of
electrons in an atom of an
element. 8
Element’s Symbol:
An abbreviation for
the element.
O
Elements Name Oxygen
Atomic Mass/Weight:
16
Number of protons + neutrons.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
 The unit of
measurement for
an atom is an
AMU. It stands for
atomic mass unit.
 One AMU is equal
to the mass of one
proton.
 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
 There are
6 X 1023 or
600,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000 amus in
one gram.
 (Remember that
electrons are 2000
times smaller than
one amu).
Symbols
 All elements have

C Carbon 
their own unique
symbol.
It can consist of a
single capital letter,

Cu
or a capital letter
and one or two
lower case letters.
Copper
Common Elements and
Symbols
 Valence Electrons
 The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
 Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
 These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
 Properties of Metals
 Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
 Metals are shiny.
 Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
 Metals are malleable (can
be pounded into thin
sheets).
 A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals
 Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
 Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
 Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
 They are dull.
 Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids
 Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
 They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
 They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
 They are ductile and
malleable.

Silicon
 Families Periods
 Columns of elements are called  Each horizontal row of
groups or families. elements is called a period.
 Elements in each family have  The elements in a period
similar but not identical are not alike in properties.
properties.
 In fact, the properties
 For example, lithium (Li),
change greatly across
sodium (Na), potassium (K),
and other members of family IA
even given row.
are all soft, white, shiny metals.  The first element in a
 All elements in a family have period is always an
the same number of valence extremely active solid. The
electrons. last element in a period, is
always an inactive gas.
Hydrogen
 The hydrogen square sits atop Family
AI, but it is not a member of that family.
Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
 It’s a gas at room temperature.
 It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
 Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
 Alkali Metals
 The alkali family is found in
the first column of the
periodic table.
 Atoms of the alkali metals
have a single electron in
their outermost level, in
other words, 1 valence
electron.
 They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
Alkali Metals
 They are the most
reactive metals.
 They react violently
with water.
 Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with
another element.
What does it mean to be
reactive?
 We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
 Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
 Some elements are only found in nature bonded with
other elements.
 What makes an element reactive?
 An incomplete valence electron level.
 All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their
very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)
 Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few
valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7,
or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
5
Alkaline Earth Metals
 They are never found uncombined in nature.
 They have two valence electrons.
 Alkaline earth metals include magnesium
and calcium, among others.
Transition Metals
 Transition Elements
include those elements
in the B families.
 These are the metals
you are probably most
familiar: copper, tin,
zinc, iron, nickel, gold,
and silver.
 They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Transition Metals

 The compounds of transition metals are usually

brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
 Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons,
which they lose when they form bonds with other
atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons
in their next-to-outermost level.
Transition Elements
 Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other
metals, but their properties do not fit in
with those of any other family.
 Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
 Boron Family
 The Boron Family is
named after the first
element in the family.
 Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
 This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
 This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum).
 Carbon Family
 Atoms of this family have 4
valence electrons.
 This family includes a non-
metal (carbon), metalloids,
and metals.
 The element carbon is called
the “basis of life.” There is an
entire branch of chemistry
devoted to carbon compounds
called organic chemistry.
 Nitrogen Family
 The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
 This family includes non-
metals, metalloids, and metals.
 Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
 Other elements in this family
are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth.
 Oxygen Family
 Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
 Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
 Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
 Halogen Family
 The elements in this family are
fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
 Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains why
they are the most active non-
metals. They are never found
free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Noble Gases

 Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

 One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are
inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
 Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form
compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
 The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon,
and radon.
 All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Rare Earth Elements
 The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
 One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
Matter
 All matter is composed of atoms and groups
of atoms bonded together, called molecules.
 Substances that are made from one type of
atom only are called pure substances.
 Substances that are made from more than one
type of atom bonded together are called
compounds.
 Compounds that are combined physically, but
not chemically, are called mixtures.
 Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
 Sodium is an element.
 Chlorine is an
element.
 When sodium and
chlorine bond they
make the compound
sodium chloride,
Compounds have different properties
commonly known as than the elements that make them up.
table salt.
Table salt has different properties than
sodium, an explosive metal, and chlorine,
a poisonous gas.
 Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
 Hydrogen is an element.
 Oxygen is an element.
 When hydrogen and
oxygen bond they make
the compound water.
 When salt and water are
combined, a mixture is
created. Compounds in
mixtures retain their
individual properties.
The ocean is a
mixture.
Elements, compounds, and
mixtures
 Mixtures can be separated by physical
means.
 Compounds can only be separated by
chemical means.
 Elements are pure substances. When the
subatomic particles of an element are
separated from its atom, it no longer retains
the properties of that element.