Communication System

IICT Lecture 10

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 What is Communication?
• exchanging of information by speaking,
writing, or using some other medium.

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Characteristics of Communication
System
• There must be a Sender and Receiver
• A protocol is a set of rules which governs the transfer of data
between computers.
• Protocols allow communication between computers and
networks.
• Handshaking is used to establish which protocols to use
• Handshaking controls the flow of data between computers
• Protocols will determine the speed of transmission, error
checking method, size of bytes, and whether synchronous or
asynchronous

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 Five Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic
requirements
• Data Source (where the data originates)
• Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
• Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
• Receiver (device used to receive data)
• Destination (where the data will be placed)

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Pictorial Representation

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 OSI Model
• The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI
model) is a conceptual model that characterizes
and standardizes the communication functions of
a telecommunication or computing system
without regard to its underlying internal structure
and technology.
• The OSI model also provides much more
information which is included with each package.

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 7 Layers of OSI Model
• OSI “Open System Interconnection”
• OSI is not a protocol but a list of protocols divided
between 7 layers with each layer having a
different set of functions.
• Each packet is layered/packaged with protocols
from each of the layers as it is processed.
• The process of layering the protocols around each
package is called encapsulation. The final
encapsulated data packet is called a frame.
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OSI Model

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 OSI Model
• OSI Reference Model

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 Service Performed at Each Layer
• Layer 7: the application layer (generates data – interface )
– provides access to available network resources (format data for lower layers)
• Layer 6: the presentation layer
– translates, encrypts, and compresses data
• Layer 5: the session layer
– Establishes/terminates connection, manages, and terminates communicative sessions
• Layer 4: the transport layer (how much data, at what rate)
– provides reliable process-to-process message delivery and error checking
• Layer 3: the network layer
– moves packets from source to destination providing internetworking capabilities
• Layer 2: the data link layer
– Control the flow of data – deal with transmission errors
• Layer 1: the physical layer
– transmits bits over a medium establishing mechanical and electrical specifications

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Service Performed at Each Layer
• E-mail, Web browser, Directory
• POP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS
• Sockets
• TCP
• IP
• PPP, Ethernet, Token ring
• 100baseT

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Transmitting and Receiving in Comm.
Systems

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 Serial Transmission
• Data is transmitted, on a single channel,
one bit at a time one after another
• Much faster than parallel because of way
bits processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)

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 Parallel Transmission
• Each bit has it’s own piece of wire along which it travels
• Often used to send data to a printer

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Why not to use Parallel instead Serial?
• Due to inconsistencies on channels data arrives
at different times
• Because of the way it is transmitted packet
switching cannot be used
• The above two points makes parallel slower than
serial and requires higher bandwidth.
• Parallel transmissions are rarely used anymore

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 Synchronous VS Asynchronous
Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
• All data sent at once and no packet switching (instant
messaging, video conferencing)
Asynchronous Transmission (Telephone line)
• most common type of serial data transfer
• Allows packet switching
• Allows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone while
another person is using internet)

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Synchronous VS Asynchronous
Transmission

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 Transmission Directions
• Simplex: One direction only
• Half duplex: Both directions but only one
direction at a time
• Full duplex: send and receive both
directions at once

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 Network Topologies
• Mesh Topology
• Ring Topology
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology

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Mesh Topology

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Ring Topology

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Bus Topology

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Star Topology

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Network Hardware

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 Bridge
Large networks can be separated into two or more smaller
networks using a bridge. This is done to increase speed and
efficiency. This type of network is called a segmented LAN and
has largely been superseded by the use of switches which can
transfer data straight to a computer and thus avoid bottleneck
jams which bridges were designed to fix.

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 Gateway
• passage to connect two networks together that may work
upon different networking models
•Often used to connect a LAN with a WAN.
• Gateways join two or More different networks together.

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 Some more
Routers: A router is a networking device that forwards data
packets between computer networks. Can be used in place of
a switch or bridge.

Switches: smart hubs which transmit packets to the

destination port only

Hubs: like double adapters /power boards in the home

except instead of plugging in extension cords we are plugging
in computers to allow them to communicate.

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 Transmission Media
Twisted pair – Ethernet cable
Coaxial cable –Thick black cable used for higher bandwidth
communications than twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)
Fiber optic – data transferred through pulses of light. Extremely
fast.
Non cable methods such as satellite, microwave, wireless and
Bluetooth

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End of the Lecture

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