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Chapter 3 Research Methodology

This chapter discusses research methodology, including the three dominant research paradigms of positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism. It describes the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches and how to select and justify a research method. The chapter also addresses data collection methods, sampling techniques, response rates, data analysis, and ensuring reliability and validity.

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Kan Fock-Kui
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235 views12 pages

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

This chapter discusses research methodology, including the three dominant research paradigms of positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism. It describes the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches and how to select and justify a research method. The chapter also addresses data collection methods, sampling techniques, response rates, data analysis, and ensuring reliability and validity.

Uploaded by

Kan Fock-Kui
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3: Research Methodology

 Research Paradigm: A common understanding about how


problems should be addressed.
 A belief in philosophical assumptions that would influence the
process to be used to collect, analyze and interpret research data.
 3 dominant beliefs:
(i) positivism, (ii) constructivism and (iii) pragmatism
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Positivism believes that reality can be identified, measured and
proven. Most likely that quantitative approach is chosen to measure
the belief of reality.
 Constructivism believes that there is no existence of single reality
or truth. The reality is created by a certain group of individuals. In
this situation, qualitative approach is used to obtain multiple
realities.
 Pragmatism paradigm believes the reality is constantly being
negotiated, debated and interpreted in new and uncertain situations.
Thus, pragmatism paradigm most likely undergoes mixed method
approach.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 3 types of research approaches: (i) qualitative, (ii) quantitative and
(iii) mixed method
 Quantitative approach: A means for testing objective theories by
examining the relationship among variables.
 These variables can be measured, typically on
instruments/assessment tool, so that numbered data can be analyzed
using statistical procedures.
 Researchers would test theories deductively, observing against
bias, controlling for alternative explanation, being able to
generalize and replicate findings.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Qualitative Approach: A means for exploring and understanding
the meaning individuals or group attributed to a social or human
problem.
 Process of research involves emerging questions and procedures,
data typically collected in the participant’s setting, data analysis
inductively * building from particulars to general themes
 The researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data.
  * inductive reasoning moves from specific instances into a
generalized conclusion
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Mixed methods Approach: An inquiry that combines both
qualitative and quantitative approaches.
 It is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data
 It also involves the use of both approaches in tandem so that the
overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or
quantitative research
 To triangulate the data obtained from both quantitative and
qualitative approach.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Research Strategies/Method:
 Quantitative – Questionnaire survey, experimental research
 Qualitative – Ethnography, grounded theory, case studies,
phenomenological research, narrative research, archival research
 Selection & justification of research methods:
 Compare previous similar research – why a particular research
approach is chosen
 Qualitative/quantitative/mixed method
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Research Sampling:
 Who are your respondents? Why are they chosen?
 Sample size for quantitative analysis – Solvin’s Formula
 Qualitative analysis – 5 to 6 persons
 Probability, i.e. simple random, stratified
 Non-probability, i.e. purposive, snowballing
 Method Data Analysis:
 Quantitative - Statistical software (SPSS)
 Qualitative - Content analysis (Nvivo)
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Time Scale
 Cross-sectional -  an observational study at a specific point in time.
 Longitudinal - observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over short
or long periods of time 
 Data Collection Techniques
 Survey method – online, postal, telephone interview
 Case study – face to face interview, video conferencing
 Observation
 Questionnaire Design:
 Pre-test
 Pilot study
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
 Validity
 The extent the assessment tool measures what it is intended to measure 100/2 =
?
 Correct applicability of the instrument
 Validity looks at accuracy of results
 Validity has more analysis and is harder to achieve
 Reliability:
 The extent the assessment tool produces consistent results, when repeated
measurement or trial are made
 Reliability looks at repeatability/consistency
 Reliability is easier and yield faster results
 Summary of chapter
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

 Summary of chapter
Chapter 3: Research Methodology (Proposed Content)
 Introduction
 Research Paradigm
Positivism
Constructivism
Pragmatism
 Research Approach
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed Method
Selection and justification of research method
 Data Collection
Data Collection methods : Questionnaire / Interviews
Sampling
Response Rate
Data analysis
 Reliability and Validity
 Summary

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