Wireless Communication

An Introduction

presented by
Dr.P.Muthu Chidambaranathan,
Professor,
Department of ECE,
NIT-Trichy

November 7, 2022 1
 Preface
• Data Transmission Basics
• Cellular Concept
• Cellular Capacity Improvement Techniques
• Call processing
• Introduction to GSM
• Multipath propagation
• Diversity concepts
• Smart Antenna
• Spread Spectrum and CDMA
• GPRS
• 4G Evolution and Next G…
• Areas of research in mobile communication

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 Simplex Data Transmission

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 Half Duplex

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 Full Duplex

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 Wireless Services

• Broadcast
• Paging
• Cellular Telephony
• Cordless Telephony
• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
• Ad Hoc Networks
• Personal Area Networks (PAN)
• Satellite Cellular Communication

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 Requirements in Wireless Communication

• Date Rate
• Range and Number of Users
• Mobility
• Energy consumption

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 Early history of wireless
communication
The first wireless communication systems used
smoke signals, torch signaling and
flashing mirrors……

1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction

J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations

(1864)

H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character

of electrical transmission through space (1888)

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 Some modern applications of EM

Physics Based
Signal
Biomedical Processing & Computer
Lasers &
Engineering Imaging Chip Design
Optoelectronics
& BioTech & Circuits

Wireless MEMS &

Comm. & Microwave
Propagation ELECTROMAGNETICS Engineering

RCS Analysis, Remote

Design, ATR Sensing &
Antenna
& Stealth EMC/EMI Subsurface
Analysis &
Technology Analysis Sensing & NDE
Design

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 why are these little guys so confused?

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 ….at the sight of Maxwell’s Equations !!!!

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 Beautiful Maxwell’s Equations …
• Maxwell’s Equations are elegant and beautiful.
• They are actually quite simple to explain and
understand.
• A time-varying electric field or a time-varying magnetic
field cannot exist alone; the two fields coexist in time and
space, with the space-variation of one field governed by
the time-variation of the second field. This is the
essence of Faraday’s law and Ampere’s circuital law, the
first two of the four Maxwell’s equations resulting in wave
propagation.

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 Maxwell’s Equations
d D  dS 
E  dl  – B  dS S V  dv
C dt S
Electric field Magnetic Charge density
intensity flux density C m3 
V m Wb m2 
d B  dS  0
C H  dl  S J  dS 
dt S
D  dS S
Magnetic Current Displacement
field intensity density flux density
A m
November 7, 2022 A m 2  C m2 13
 Faraday’s Law
d
C E • dl  – dt S B • dS
B

S
C
dS

Electromotive Force (emf) or voltage around C

= Negative of the time rate of increase of the
magnetic flux crossing S bounded by C.
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C E • dl = Voltage around C, also known as
electromotive force (emf) around C
(but not really a force),
V m   m, or V.

S B • dS = Magnetic flux crossing S,

 Wb m2   m2 , or Wb.
d
–  B • dS = Time rate of decrease of
dt S magnetic flux crossing S,
Wb s, or V.
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 Ampere’s Circuital Law
d
C H • dl  S J • dS  dt S D • dS

J, D S
C
dS

Magnetomotive force (mmf) around C

= Current due to flow of charges crossing S bounded by C
+ Time rate of increase of electric (or displacement) flux
crossing
November S
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C H • dl = Magnetomotive force (only by
analogy with electromotive
force),
A m   m, or A.

S J • dS = Current due to flow of charges

crossing S,
 Amp m2   m2 , or A.

S D • dS = Displacement flux, or electric

flux, crossing S,
C m   m , or C.
2 2

17
 d
S
D • dS = Time rate of increase of
dt
displacement flux crossing S,
or, displacement current
crossing S,
C s, or A.

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 Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field

S B • dS = 0

dS
S

Magnetic flux emanating from a closed

surface S = 0.
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 Law of Conservation of Charge
d
S J • dS + V
 dv  0
dt

(t) J

dS
V S

Current due to flow of charges emanating from a closed surface S

= Time rate of decrease of charge enclosed by S.

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Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form
and the Continuity Equation

B
x E = – Faraday’s Law
t
x H  J  D Ampere’s Circuital Law
t
D   Gauss’ Law for the Electric Field

B  0 Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field


J  0 Continuity Equation
t
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 Ez E y Bx
– –
y z t
E x Ez By
– –
z x t
E y E x Bz
– –
x y t
Lateral space Time derivatives of
derivatives of the the components of B
components of E

Dx Dy Dz

  
x y z
        Charge
Longitudinal derivatives density
of the components of D
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The Greatness of Maxwell’s Equations

d
C E • dl = – dt S B • dS

d
C H • dl = S J • dS + dt S D • dS

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The Greatness of Maxwell’s Equations

+
J H ,B
Ampere’s
+ Circuital Law

Law of Conservation
of Charge Faraday’s
Law

 D,E
Gauss’ Law
for E

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 The Contribution of Maxwell
Without the second term on the right side of
Ampere’s circuital law, the loop is not complete
and hence there is no interdependence of time-
varying electric and magnetic fields and no EM
waves!

d
C E • dl = – dt S B • dS

d
C H • dl = S J • dS + dt S D • dS
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November 7, 2022
Unifying Electricity and Magnetism

Thus, the purely mathematical contribution

of Maxwell in 1864 unified electricity and
magnetism and predicted the generation of
EM waves owing to the interdependence of
time-varying electric and magnetic fields.
Only 23 years later in 1887, eight years after
his death in 1879, the theory was proved
correct by the experimental discovery of EM
waves by Heinrich Hertz.

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 Maxwell’s equations are named after
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79)

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