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The document discusses the key figures and events of the Enlightenment period in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries. It introduces several important thinkers including Descartes, Newton, Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau. The Enlightenment challenged religious authority and established rational thinking based on science and reason. This intellectual movement influenced political revolutions and transformed views of science, government, and society.

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RoseMarie Masongsong
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137 views20 pages

1 World-History-2

The document discusses the key figures and events of the Enlightenment period in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries. It introduces several important thinkers including Descartes, Newton, Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau. The Enlightenment challenged religious authority and established rational thinking based on science and reason. This intellectual movement influenced political revolutions and transformed views of science, government, and society.

Uploaded by

RoseMarie Masongsong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The

Modern World

World History 2
The Modern World
The modern world was a period
of significant changes in
religion, politics, foreign policy,
commerce, philosophy, culture,
warfare, and science and
technology.

2
1. The Importance and Causes of the
Enlightenment
In Europe, a scientific revolution began in the mid-16th
century, and it ended as an intellectual revolution called the
Enlightenment in the 18th century.
Scientists, writers, artists, scholars and social reformers
contributed to this intellectual and scientific advance. It
brought dramatic changes which are still felt today. The
modern world had taken of.
1. The Importance and Causes of the
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment destroyed the spiritual, political and
economic values of the previous centuries.
It directly influenced the American, French and
Philippine Revolutions, as we shall see, the Enlightenment
had both good and bad effects.
Definition of the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment was the series of
achievements in philosophy and science in the 17th
to 18th centuries, together with new attitudes
resulting in an intellectual and scientific revolution.
Enlightenment thinkers were confident that
science and reason and not religion could solve the
major problems facing society.
Importance and Causes of the Enlightenment.
The intellectual advances of the 16th-18th centuries were
due to economic and cultural movements in European
history since the Renaissance and Reformation.
The influence of the Renaissance, the increasing
prosperity, and the wider knowledge of distant lands and
new peoples changed the attitudes and thinking of
European people.
Importance and Causes of the Enlightenment.
The Intellectual Revolution was broader than the ideas
in classical Greece and the worldliness of the Renaissance.
Its results were more significant for the modern world. It is
also important to note that neither
kings nor the Church promoted the intellectual revolution.
The causes of the progressive changes of the
Enlightenment were as follows:

1) Renaissance and Humanism.


The rebirth of learning and a spirit of inquiry in the
Renaissance emphasized the humanities and practical
application of knowledge.
The causes of the progressive changes of the
Enlightenment were as follows:
2) Increase of universities and schools since the Renaissance
produced more scholars and literate people. They were eager
to teach, write and share their knowledge.
3) Printed books and newspapers. The communication of
ideas and information through books, pamphlets and
periodicals led to an information explosion. People
became eager to read and discuss what they had read.
The causes of the progressive changes of the
Enlightenment were as follows:
4) Increase of rich patrons, The newly rich middle-class
sponsored artists, scholar scientists and inventors.
5) Rise of materialism. The economic prosperity and discovery of
new lands led to material wealth and a desire for possessions.
Even the ordinary folks wanted nicer clothes, houses,
decorations and tools.
2. Father’s of the
enlightenment
⬗ Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was a French
soldier, a mathematician, and a physicist.
He is known as the "Father of
Rationalism."
⬗ "I think, there fore I am," was his famous
principle.
⬗ Descartes invented a new kind of
mathematics, called analytical geometry.

12
⬗ His calculations were made possible by the increased use of Hindu-
Arabic numerals.
⬗ Descartes' new rationalism and mechanistic ideas were very
influential.
⬗ They introduced reason as the only basis for knowledge. Scholars
became interested in understanding the natural laws of the universe.

13
⬗ Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727),
- "Father of Modern Physics".
⬗ He discovered the law of gravity,
navigation tables, the sextant (to measure
longitude and latitude), light spectrum
analysis, and the calculus.
⬗ His work influenced philosophy and
science for a hundred years. Among
Newton's most important contributions to
science was the law or gravity.

14
⬗ Newton developed the law of gravity after an apple fell on his
head. His work helped to develop a new view of universe as a
huge, well regulated machine the universe.
⬗ Like Descartes, Newton saw the worked according to definite
laws of nature, such as gravity.
⬗ Navigators and mapmakers were able to make more precise
charts. Engineers could make better guns and weapons. Someday,
the steam engine would be invented due to his influence.

15
⬗ John Locke (1632- 1704)
⬗ He stated that all knowledge comes from
the five senses and reason.
⬗ He insisted that, at birth, the human
mind is a blank tablet. It does not contain
the idea of God, or any notion of right
and wrong.

16
⬗ The individual understands experiences only through reason and
sensations.
⬗ Locke also defended religious toleration and liberal political
philosophy, which became influential in the political revolutions in
the US and France.
⬗ His theory of sensation and reason became one of the basic elements
of the Enlightenment. His political views were also revolutionary.
John Locke believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty,
and property.

17
⬗ Voltaire, or François Marie Arouet (1741- 1828).
⬗ He developed a taste for satirical (witty criticism)
writing and often
became controversial for his ridicule of the clergy,
noblemen and offhclals. He was jailed at the
Bastille and exiled to England, developed
a deep admiration for Newton
and Locke.

18
⬗ Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712- 88), the French-Swiss
author of Social Contract (1761), championed
limited government democracy.
⬗ He was acclaimed as the Father of Modern
Democracy for his idea of major rule (popular vote).
But he was also the "Father of Romanticism for his
romantic novel Emile (l762) and theory of liberal
education for children.
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